The White Doe, by Francesco Petrarch Essay -- TPCASTT for The White Doe

claim When looking at this metrical compositions act, one can get many ideas of what the poem pass on be almost. One of the ideas that I got when I read the call was that it was going to be virtually a white female deer that was being hunted by a hunter. Another one that I thought up was that a white deer is an angel from paradise that will save slightlyone. The nett idea that I came up with was that it was about a white deer that was camouflaged in some blast to escape a predator. Paraphrase In the first stanza, the loudspeaker in the first place describes the vigor and its surroundings. The speaker says that the doe is all white with golden antlers. The speaker says that the doe is standing in the shade between two streams in a green opening in a forest. In the s fall upon stanza, the speaker tells how he left his work to follow the doe because she was so beautiful. The doe must have run off into the woods because he compares his looking for the doe to a miser searc hing for his treasure. He also seems to be happy while he is looking for the doe. In the third stanza, he finds the doe once more. The way I interpreted this stanza was that the doe was article of clothing a collar with a diamond on it. I came to this inference because the stanzas first two lines say, Around her lovely neck Do not bushel me/Was written with topaz and diamond stone. It seems as though the doe was once owned by somebody because the stanza continues the inscription on what I confide to be the collar My Caesars will has been to make me free. I think it is some kind of ghost deer that was once owned by Julius Caesar. The last stanza basically says that he was chasing the deer until noon. He says that he was so hackneyed he could barely see, and he fell into the stream. When he got out the doe was gone... ...  Title The title is the subject of the poem. It is not a very proper(postnominal) title so the reader can make many inferences about what the poem will be about. The title just simply says The dust coat Doe. It does not say The White Doe that was Spotted by a man Working in the Woods and Decides to Follow but waterfall into a Stream. So until the reader actually reads the poem, he or she will not really know what the poem will be about. The title contributes to the overall effect of the poem because the white doe is the subject of rhyme in the poem.   Theme What the poet is trying to tell the world is that just because someone throws something a way does not mean one can take it from the garbage and keep it as his or her own. If the person that threw the object outside wanted someone else to have it, he or she would put it up for sale or give it away.

Formation and Organization of the Athalassic Salt Lakes of Australia :: Geology Research Papers

Formation and Organization of the Athalassic Salt Lakes of AustraliaPrefaceUpon my acceptance to the Biomes of Australia 2003 computer program a biologically-oriented summer experience in the Land Down to a lower place that, for the 6th consecutive year, has been organized by Dr. Warren Dolphin of Iowa evidence University I was collapseed with the task of writing a inquiry melodic theme on an aspect of the Australian landscape. Anxious to apply my new knowledge of geomorphology and desiring to investigate an ecosystem from the holistic perspective of an environmental scientist, I settled upon study the formative elements of athalassic (inland) salt lakes and how they reconcile the ecological structure of salt lake playas. The research summarized in this report is an assimilation of fragmented literature on the conquer and represents an attempt to integrate those pieces for better clarity. I believe that my travel companions, to whom I am obligated to present this infor mation, shall derive a greater soul of Australian salt lake systems from a broad examination of the subject than from an intensely focused analysis of but a single component. Although the information that I present is indeed broad in scope, the reader must fool that it falls short of comprehensiveness. The shear volume of literature prohibits designing anything former(a) than a series of encyclopedias to encompass the full complexity of salt lake systems. It is my hope, rather, that this paper elicits the readers curiosity and prompts further reading on this engrossing area.The introduction draws a necessary overview of salt lakes in basic geographic and geologic terms. Part I examines the processes of basin and lake formation, first the physical mechanisms of founding and secondly the concentration of ions within the basin. Part II explores the effects of salinity and other chemical characteristics on lake fauna. Part III explains how climatic adjustments particularise the composition of vegetation in and around salt lake basins. Together, these pieces should provide both(prenominal) insight to a central question of this paper What physical and chemical characteristics of athalassic salt lakes, as determined by the regional climatic and hydrologic regime, determine local ecologies?Abstract The athalassic salt lakes of Australia arose during the continents shift to the present arid/semi-arid climate regime. Some, such as Lake Eyre are ephemeral and dominate water only after infrequent and irregular rains others flood intermittently or permanently contain water.

How hedge funds are structured Essay

Hedge bills be investment partnerships with the scope of expend in any kind of market securities including real estates, derivatives, currencies, commodities among many others. The bloodlines play essential roles in decreasing the mispricing activities in the financial markets. They be considered signifi bottom of the inningt in the provision of liquidity both during the calm and nerve-wracking periods. The silver add depth and scope in the capital markets and translate an important source of transferring and diversifying risks by taking risks that would have instead lingered in the balance sheets of numerous financial organizations. Various brokerages have offered hedge inventory among other instruments.Firstly, the regional brokerage offers such(prenominal) instruments because of its potential superiorer return. creation a limited partnership, the hedge fund only has a comminuted regulation, which means that different investment strategies such as financial leveraged or short positions can be used throughout their investment. They will try out to generate the exploited investment opportunities through different investment vehicles. involve strategies include ultimate analysis of the publicly traded companies with an emphasis on the teensy and medium enterprises that atomic number 18 too involved in the conduct of stemma activities. The modern hedge fund structure includes an incentive-based fee based on a certain percentage of profits and a fee of assets infra management. With an excellent performance of a hedge fund manager, the firm can maximize the returns and minimize market risk and thus earn high commissions in both up and down market by option a good stock.From the history record, the energy prices usually have a high correlation with inflation. In the periods of rising inflation, the energy currency are doing better in the market. Its past performance was unusual in such a volatile and cyclical industry. Thus, it provides investo rs with a good diversification tool. This is also why such brokerages would like to offer energy fund. For the investors, the hedge funds bring a higher return for them. For the firm, their competitiveness is increased. The hedge funds are vital in maintaining competitive edges in capital markets. Brokerages provide essential research details that attract investors as well as financial capital that fasten economic growth.The dynamic hedge fund reports are provided to show the numbers, size, and locations of the funds. They show experiences of growth over periods of time which is measured either by the number of issued funds or rather the assets that are under the management. In addition to the above, they show the accountability and transparency by offering information associated with the financial health of the types of companies in the target for investment. regional brokerages offer such instruments to enable investor protection from risks that are associated with hedge funds. I t offers a guidelines to investors. The reports show the overvalued and undervalued equity securities. They reveal the funds with highly expected returns which i can invest in. The activist hedge fund intends to increase the acquire of the shareholder through the company ownership and the demands that are made in favor of improving the management and the business strategies.

7 Organizational Approaches to studying the human body

There ar seven organizational hailes to mooting the adult male proboscis. The first would be body planes and body directions. The body put forward be divided up into three sections, front and back, top to bottom, and leftover(p) to right. The names of those three planes are the coronal, the transverse, and the sagittal planes. When you are studying organs or tissues you could use this plan of attack to make sure the job gets done to the near accurate degree. Looking at the lungs, brains, and joints can be difficult some judgment of convictions so in that case you would use the body and planes near.The body can be studied also according to the body cavity approach and by looking at the major internal organs. Most of the time that you see this approach being used the reasoning is to look deeper into the body and find disease. When conducting a physical exam on someone they may use an approach to identify where your internal organs are displace called the quadrants and reg ions approach. There are four quadrants, URQ, ULQ, LLQ, and LRQ. There are also night club regions.The nine regions are the right and left hypochondriac, the epigastric region, the right and left lumbar regions and the umbilical region finally there is the right and left inguinal regions along with the hypogastric regions. This approach works the best when being disposed a physical exam for school sports or whatever. The next approach that may be used to study the human body would be the anatomy and physiology approach. This approach can be used for studying the structures in the body and how they react to certain things that you may or may not do on a daily basis.This approach is also level-headed for examining and studying cells or the nervous system. Microscopic and macroscopic may go similar but they are far different. This approach can be best exercised in looking to see how cells combine to make a larger cell. Next on the list is the body systems approach. In this approach you can easily study the circulatory system as sanitary as the respiratory system. The last and final approach that you can study the human body with is the medical specialty approach. In this approach you are able to study the human body for medical use.

The Influence of Television in Politics

The Influence of boob tube in Politics Kendra Harris Brigham early University- Idaho Author Note This paper was prep ard for Professor Kiersten Lees FDENG 201 class. The Influence of Television in Politics Americans are the best fondise and quite desirely the least-informed hoi polloi in the Western world. (Postman, 1984, p. 2) While this instruction is painfully ominous, its message is one that has been look atd tirelessly since the dawn of technology. The influence of television set in semipolitical relation is one with strong advocates and opponents.There suck been many studies and investigations into the effect of technology on the political world, and yet no conclusive state has arrive forth. (Rannay, 1985, p. 3) Despite this, it is no mystery that television has irrevocably changed authorities in the past and in a flash. The responsibility for this change does not lie alone with television or with the audience. What remains to be seen is whether this effect ha s been detrimental or beneficial to the political process. Between 1947 and 1955, the percentage of American homes owning television sets arise from less than 1 to 65 percent today, almost everybody has a TV set. (Rannay, 1985, p. ) The television set became commercially avail qualified in the 1920s, however did not begin to curb a political effect until the 1952 presidential ravel between Dwight D. Eisenhower and Adlai Stevenson. While Stevenson did not approve of electronic campaigning, Eisenhower to took the screens, creating short point commercials to enhance his television image. (Kaid, 1981, p. 47) These commercials helped Eisenhower to create an image that was friendly and charming, which eventually take to him winning the campaign. Since this pioneering campaign, Every presidential campaign has relied to a great extent on political television spots. Television campaigning dominates the political world, and 50-75% of all campaign budgets in the 1992 presidential cam paign were de pick outd to TV spots, commercials, and shows. (Devlin, 1992, p. 12) Given this evidence, it is easy to think that the television is vital in modern politics, but one moldiness take into account what political message the television is giving to the American audience. Over the past five decades of political spot use, about triplet of all spots for presidential campaigns bring forth been negative spots. (Devlin, 1992, p. 12) The television, while useful, is apply today primarily for entertainment.If something is not quick, easy, and fun, then it has no place on the television. Everything from court trials to private lives are put on the screen for personalized enjoyment, and it is no different with politics. No eight-day do politicians need to admit in-depth answers to political questions, or prove to the American audience that their policies and platform are sound they precisely need to be liked. In the age of television, people do not so much agree or disa ccord with politicians as they like or dislike them, for the image is not hypersensitized to verification or refutation, only to acceptance or rejection. (Postman, 1984, p. 3) There is no need for politicians to prove that they should be in the White House with their words, because Americans lead judge them on their looks and character before ever listening to what they have to say. Of course, Americans would be lucky to even hear what politicians have to say. Most political speeches and debates are cut down to soundbites, snippets of candidate messages or commentary excerpts, (Kaid, 1981, p. 4) by news programs, newspapers, and online journals. By the 1980s, most presidential campaign reporting on news programs were cut down to soundbites of only about nine seconds.These soundbites consider the best p subterfuge of the presidential campaign, resulting in television news c everyplaceage that concentrates more on candidate images, horserace journalism (whos winning, whos losing, suasion poll results), and campaign strategy than on pick out concerns. (Kaid, 1981, p. 4) Americans are so used to seeing the bare bones of political campaigns that they no longer search for the meat in issues. Instead, they just skim oer politics, winning in a few stories here and in that location (mostly the more polemic stories that get more media coverage) and make their decision as to who will be president.Despite the accomplishments of television and the media their news departments tend to operate as a show- line of descent. (Goodman, 1994, n. p. ) Just like in show business, anything slow and detailed is boring in television, and so Americans greedily gobble up light dishes of insignificant facts, leaving the heavier business of issue concerns to others. This condition is chronic and has become painfully evident in the late political season A medium that has shown it can diddle study and even ideas effectively to millions is reduced every two long time to a tool for stirring up emotions and shutting down minds. (Goodman, 1994, n. p. ) just now enough of this depressing business for a moment let us discuss why we are renounceing ourselves to become so politically lazy. The social stigma of a lazy American is common but is not necessarily true. So why do so many Americans allow themselves to be swept up in political frenzy, eventually qualification bad decisions that lead to bad government? The answer is in the focal point we think. As Americans become exposed to more and more information the cleverness to think deeply and comprehensively is lost.In modern times, the advantages of having immediate advance to such an incredibly rich store of information are many, and theyve been widely exposit and duly applauded. (Carr, 2008, p. 2) Carr continues to say though, that having access to this amount of information comes at a price. Americans are getting their information from the media, but our information does not come from an inert sour ce. New programs harbour what political information we have access to, and politicians live in a world where they cant control the message. (Negaunee, 2006, n. p. Instead of being fountainn in depth messages from candidates, news programs give us small scraps of information. As we learn snippets of information over many years, we begin to think in snippets of information, and we slowly lose our dexterity and capacity for concentration and contemplation. My mind now expects to take in information the way of life the Net distributes it in a swiftly moving flowing of particles. (Carr, 2008, p. 2) The television is no different from the Net in this regard, and so Americans now expect a still stream of politics, without any effort essential in secernate to accredit everything about political candidates.The true backbone of politics the issues, the questions, the problems, the things that matter are not included in this steady stream. And so Americans, by our own actions, a void the deep facts. We make decisions ground on half-truths and unsearched details- decisions that shape our government. Without the ability to think and study issues for ourselves, we rely heavily on a candidates looks, charisma, and coverage in order to make our decision. Today, we are merely vessels for voting, deprived of independent thought. (Huxley, 1958, p. ) As Aldous Huxley states, Today the art of mind-control is in process of becoming a science. The practitioners of this science know what they are doing and why. (Huxley, 1958, p. 2) While mind control may seem a subatomic far-fetched right now, we as Americans are allowing ourselves to be controlled by our televisions, controlled by newscasters and programs that know exactly what they are doing when they give us inaccurate and biased information. mayhap one of the best examples for showing the affect of television on politics is the presidential election of 1960.The race was between John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nix on. The freshman televised debate of this candidacy brought very different reactions between those who watched it on the television, and those who heard it on the radio. A survey of those who listened to the debate on radio indicated that Nixon had won however, those who watched on television, and were able to contrast Nixons poor posture and poorly shaven display case with Kennedys poise and grace, were more likely to think Kennedy had won the debate. (Stephens, n. d. , n. . ) There is no saying who would have been a better president, or who was more adapted for the role, but this evidence shows that television heavily influenced the audiences trust of the candidates. Those who watched the debate on the television preferred the more attractive portraiture of JFK versus that of the less attractive Nixon. Those on the radio the ones who actually listened to the debate versus observation the people felt that Nixon had won because his policies and debating skills overpowered tho se of JFK.This poses the question would Nixon have won if there had been no television? Should JFK have won based on his easily looks? And perhaps, we must ask the most ominous question of all Do we necessitate people elected as president based merely on good looks and a warm personality, or do we want them elected based on excellent policies and management skills? All of this seems a little extravagant and paranoid and yet the evidence rings true. We as Americans let looks and personality get in the way of actual politics and brains when it comes to a political election.Undoubtedly, the television has detrimentally affected politics. It has changed the way we think, and have made us intellectually lazy. It has changed the way we vote, making us vote based on superfluous details versus cold hard facts. Television is not completely to blame though, for Americans have played their part in allowing themselves to become lazy. The only solution to the political epidemic sweeping the rural area is to change the way we think. In order to do this, we must first change the source of our information. The solution is not to bemoan technology but to develop strategies of self-control, as we do with every other temptation in life. (Pinker, 2010, p. 2) As we force ourselves to seek complete and unbiased information by watching complete debates, reading platforms, and studying issues (or, if we cannot find unbiased information, at least studying the biased information on both sides of an issue to get the full story), we will be able to make sound decisions. As we seek the truth, news programs will begin to catch on that the audience demands more complete information, and we will begin to get what we crave.Only when we have the true report about politics will we be able to make better decisions regarding government and better our lives. References Carr, N. (2008) Is google making us wild? In W. Brugger, D. Hammond, M. K. Hartvigsen, A. Papworth &038 R. Seamons (Eds. ), The way of wisdom (p. 1-8). Rexburg, ID, BYU-Idaho. Retrieved January 16, 2012, from http//ilearn. byui. edu Huxley, A. (1958) Propaganda under a dictatorship. In W. Brugger, D. Hammond, M. K. Hartvigsen, A. Papworth &038 R. Seamons (Eds. ), The way of wisdom (p. 1-5). Rexburg, ID, BYU-Idaho.Retrieved January 16, 2012, from http//ilearn. byui. edu Kaid, L. (1981) Political advertising. In D. Nimmo and K. R. Sanders (Eds. ), Handbook of political communication. Beverly Hills Sage. Nagourney, A. (2006) Politics faces sweeping change via the web. New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http//www. nytimes. com/2006/04/02/washington/ 02campaign. html? pagewanted=all Pinker, S. (2010) Mind over mass media. In W. Brugger, D. Hammond, M. K. Hartvigsen, A. Papworth &038 R. Seamons (Eds. ), The way of wisdom (p. 1-4). Rexburg, ID, BYU-Idaho.Retrieved January 16, 2012, from http//ilearn. byui. edu Postman, N. (1984) Amusing ourselves to death. In W. Brugger, D. Hammond, M. K. Hartvigse n, A. Papworth &038 R. Seamons (Eds. ), The way of wisdom (p. 1-4). Rexburg, ID, BYU-Idaho. Retrieved January 16, 2012, from http//ilearn. byui. edu Ranney, A. (1985) Channels of power the impact of television on American politics. (pp. 1-7). New York Basic Books. Stephen, M. (n. d. ) History of television. New York University. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http//www. nyu. edu/classes/stephens/History%20of%20Television%20page. htm

Discussion Topic – Egocentric Thinking

How does conducting research move you away from the problem of egocentric intellection that was discussed on page 21 in the Paul and Elder sarcastic thinking booklet? As humans we are sometimes stuck in our own beliefs. We believe what we are told and what weve always known. We do non course appreciate the point of panorama of others nor the limitations in our own point of view (Simmons, 2011). By conducting research, we are able to encounter other views that are much factual with actual research behind it. We only fetch so much to offer cand on our pay offs.If we research others work from more or less the world, we are now diffuse to so many more possibilities. A censorious thinker is one that would research often to find duple perspectives and then take that Information to form an educated response. A non- critical thinker would be the one to stick to their own beliefs based on what they know from personal experience. * How might conducting your inquiry research project set up to your professional knowledge base, rather than relying on your intuitive knowledge base to make decisions?By conducting my own Inquiry research project, I deal out be able to see many perspectives and ideas related to my topic by professionals from all over. Because I am a invigorated teacher, I genuinely rely on others work because theyve had so much more experience than me. Theyve put in the time for all that research that I would have never known otherwise. We all live in different areas so my research results may only work for the students In my area. Its important to larn a variety of research so that you can compile them to get a more well-rounded result.How does the skill of making decisions based on critically reviewing and conducting research differentiate you as a professional pedagog? By making decisions based on reviewing and research, differentiates me because I am not Just taking what I know from my own classroom and gummy with what I know. I am able to research professional articles to open my mind and allow new ideas in. A teacher that researches often and tries new ideas in their classroom, will have more of an Impact and become a better-rounded professional with much more to add to this profession.

Northern Ireland – source related study

1) Source A depicts the job problems that the Catholics faced in Ulster in the 60s. It Shows the date figures of a variety of different companies, and then tells us how many of these employees atomic number 18 Protestant or Catholic. The first example of the problems faced is at the capital of Northern Ireland shipyard where there were 10,000 bulk employed, of which only 400 were Catholic. Considering this was the biggest antecedent of employment in the town, and wasnt exactly a cushy job, you would have expected a some(prenominal) larger number of people work there who were Catholic.However, this was not the case, and was the selfsame(prenominal) e trulywhere else. In Fermanagh, the county council employed 370 people. Only 48 of these people were Catholic, and n 1 of those people had decent or upper class jobs. This didnt change with raft drivers either. 75 bus drivers were employed in Fermanagh, and only 7 of them were Catholic. And considering that everyplace half of Ferm anagh was Catholic, this fuddledt that there would have been a lot of Catholics left with expose jobs in the city. Therefore, the difficulties faced by Catholics in the 60s were that they were discriminated against by the Protestants.This only shows the job problems they had, exactly they did face many former(a) daunting problems in the 60s. 2) Source B helps assess the favoritism of Catholics to a certain extent. This is be urinate it is coming from a sure fountain. Billy Sinclair used to be the manager of Linfield footb in all game club and power saw the signifier of discrimination he is talk of the town about with his own eyes. The sort of discrimination he is talking about is that if a football spy for a Northern Irish club spots a unspoilt young footballer that is from a catholic school, they wont take him on as a player.This is obviously because he is a Catholic, so he wouldnt be accepted in a protestant team. However, this source only comes from one person, and cou ld be helped by being backed up by other people who besides manage football clubs, or even from football scouts themselves. Also, source C says that as many protestant people should be in work during times when job opportunities be poor. They would prefer to funding more protestant, unqualified people in work instead of Catholics who could perhaps do a better job.This is clear discrimination against the cleverer Catholic people within Ulster. This is a very useful source in assessing the discrimination against Catholics, as it comes from an organisation, rather than just a single person making a statement about the discrimination against young Catholic footballers. 3) The fence that Londonderry became the magnetic core of a well-bred rights movement was that the Catholics got fed up with the vitality conditions (as shown in source D) and the voter turnout system in the city. As source D shows, the living conditions were absolutely diabolical.The picture shows an outdoor ba th and outhouse, which was very common amongst Catholics houses. However, the Protestants would have had much nicer, indoor bathrooms and toilets, instead of being out in the cold. So that is why the Catholics were fed up with the housing. Also, the carriage the voter turnout system was set up was biased towards the Protestants. The Catholics were all crammed into one voting area of Londonderry, while the Protestants were spread over twain voting areas, gist that in those two areas, there would be more Protestant votes, nub more Protestants councillors.The three sources all agree with each other when it comes to talking about the discrimination that the Catholics faced in Ulster. They all show a factor which proves the way that the Catholics were treated. The Catholics within Ulster do get mistreated by the Protestants, even if they are only out of line slightly. The smallest crime could happen to a beating and even a jail sentence, which is how extreme the disadvantage is in Ireland. Londonderry became the centre of the well-behaved rights movement in Ireland because it was the main centre of violence in the whole of Eire and Ulster.There was an equal balance of Protestants and Catholics, that there was an un-equal balance in the society. The Protestants always treated the Catholics with prejudice, and never let go of their stronghold over the weaker community. These factors aggravated the Catholics and eventually led them to graduation up the civil rights movement. After the civil rights movement had started, people from all across Eire and Ulster got involved and were hoping for a united Ireland. 4) In source G, Rev. Ian Paisley express that the IRA and the people who supported it where behind the Civil Rights movement.What he efficaciously meant was that the Catholics were behind the civil rights movement, which is not the way that Michael Farrell thought about it in source H. He said that there were some Catholics that believed in civil rights , but it was mainly the Protestants that were in charge of the movement. Therefore, he doesnt agree with the way Paisley saw the civil rights movement. However, Source I Does agree with Paisley more than source H. It says that the membership was mostly Catholic, and that the IRA was closely involved in the civil rights movement.However, it does also say that there were Protestants involved, so it doesnt completely agree with the comments make by Paisley. 5) The picture in source J, which was drawn by a Northern Irish political cartoonist, does help portray why the fear continued into the 90s. It shows five different groups walking around a never-failing staircase which doesnt lead anywhere. Four of the groups (Religion, Politics, Workers and Civilians) are walking up the staircase, working there way up to a better Ireland.However, the other group (the paramilitaries) is walking down the staircase, as they try to cause trouble and involve to keep Eire and Ulster separate. They li ke to stir up the trouble between the Protestants and Catholics and cause riots. The peace process was being lead by Religion, which is why they are at the front of the staircase in the picture. Then the politics come through the Religion as they wanted the fighting and riots to quit as it would mean they would get more votes.Then the workers followed the politics as they were drawn in by the things that the governments promised they would do. And the civilians follow the workers as they are mainly their husbands that are working, and the civilians are mainly women and their children. Also, on the side of the wall it has graffiti that says REM 1960 ULSTER which is referring to the betrothal of the Boyne. This was obviously when William of Orange and his protestant followers invaded Ireland and took over what is now know as Ulster.This is to remind people that the rift between the Protestants and Catholics still exists because of this event. another(prenominal) bit of graffiti say s 1916 which refers to the Easter rising on April 24th. There was also the Good Friday agreement of 1998. Sinn Fein was reluctant to sign the document, but in the end gave in. There was an uprising, however, after the document had been signed. This was because it meant that paramilitary prisoners were released. This caused unrest between the two parties, and caused more riots.

Masks of Eternity Essay

In the episode Masks of Eternity, Joseph Campbell explains the godliness of self. He explains suppositions about(predicate) the past versus the present and the common behaviors of thinking that have changed the sort messages are viewed and interpreted. He goes over the ideas of the interior(a) Christ, the importee of the disseminate, and extremum experiences.Campbell speaks of an inner Christ in all people. It is non a linkup to God, entirely a 1ness with him meaning that you become a part of God. He explains it as the difference of an individual life, meaning the life of the person, and the all include life, meaning the life that turns the world and all other things. He tells of decision it through meditation, finding that center of yourself that usher out feel a connection to the life somewhat you and the realization that all things are connected and caused by one another. Campbell interprets the things he was taught as a child, about the angel and the freak on eith er side of him, as the urges that push our decisions in one direction or the other. These energies, he says, come from the different organs of the body. to each one needs something different, and the urges that arise are about what is needed most.Campbell also speaks of the signifi dischargece of the circle. Each culture has some form of importance in the learn of the circle. He negotiation about the way Native Ameri hatfuls built their villages in the shape of a circle, the way Aztecs made a circular calendar, and the way that each culture put itself in the center of that circle. He talks about antediluvian cultures believing that everything generates around a specific point, orbiting around it. Campbell also speaks of time going in a circle. In ancient times, it was seen as a reoccurring aspect of life, summer, fall, winter, spring. All things ended and began anew in a pattern. Now, though, time is seen as a straight line. Clocks advance us realize that time is flowing past an d will never come again. Before, death was looked at as a rebirth like a shot it is simply looked at as the end.Peak experiences, as Campbell explains, are moments where you can feel the harmony of being alive. For him, it was a race in Colombia. He said he could feel that he was going to win the race, not even because he was winning, only when because he could feel it within himself. He explains peak experiences as being in a state of fountainhead that allows you to see your outer most limits and obtain your maximum potential. He goes on to say that not all peak experiences are physical. Some can simply be a thought or realization that changes your arithmetic mean on life or solving a problem. Some peak experiences are not the highest points of your life. A life can have many another(prenominal) peak experiences as long as you feel that you are at one with yourself and what you are accomplishing.Personally, I image the inner Christ, not as a connection to the life around us, but a on the job(p) understanding of the path God has set out for us. I can understand the ideas behind this belief in the inner Christ and the idea that Jesus may have found his inner connection with life, but I do not agree with it. I believe that The expression they are referring to is the feeling that comes with following Gods path, whether you know him as your savior or not. The idea of the circle on the other hand, I can understand completely. Time feels like it is flowing by without slowing, but there is endlessly the chance of next time. Next time Ill get that found next time Ill win next time I will do better. Time isnt a perfect circle to me, but neither is it a straight line. It is a looping flow, bobfloat screwing back onto itself. My peak realization in life so far was the creation of an art piece in high school. I was working on a drawing of a tree, creating every painstaking detail, and all the time, I knew that I was going to be proud of it that I was going to g et it right. I felt accomplished without having yet accomplishing anything. To this day, I can look at no other piece I have finished and count it as my best.

Financial Planning and Forecasting Essay

We have also provided comprehensive documentation on the templates so that you do not need to guess or figure protrude how we implemented the models. All our template models are only in dingy and white color. We believe this is how a professional financial template should date like and also that this is the easiest way for you to understand and use the templates. All the stimulant drug fields are marked with the * symbol for you to identify them easily. Whether you are a financial analyst, investment banker or accounting personnel.Or whether you are a student aspiring to join the finance world or an entrepreneur needing to understand finance, we hope that you will find this package useful as we have spent our best effort and a lot of magazine in developing them. ConnectCode Pg iii pecuniary Planning and Forecasting mutant 1. 0 1. 1. 1 pecuniary Planning and Forecasting Pro Forma Financial Statements Financial statements projections and forecasting are very common in embodied f inancial analysis. The reason is that it is very useful and important to forecast how frequently financing a company will require in prospective geezerhood.The projections are achieved by using historical sales, accounting data and assumptions on future sales and costs. These financial statements projections are known financial model as Pro Forma financial statements. 1. 2 Financial Statements Modeling This spreadsheet provides a template for financial statements forecasting. It requires simple financial statements inputs from the past 5 years and will automatically generate all the necessary Pro Forma Financial Statements projections outputs. The following diagram illustrates the process of using this template for financial statements forecasting.

Summary Response

Agents of Change and unprovocative Action* peaceful accomplishment is a guidance for ordinary spate to fight for their rights, freedom, and justice. It is frequently associated with moral or respectable non force out, only if I give address it here as a distinct phenomenon, key from any moral or ethical underpinnings, to expand on how it laps as a pragmatic way to exert leverage in a conflict. noviolent sue is base on the insight that source in a corporation is ultimately derived from hoi pollois bear and subjection.In contrast, the prevailing view is that force play in a society is inherently based on whoever has concentrated riches and the giganticest capacity for violence. hardly just as the economy is a subsystem of the biosphere and therefore is ultimately ordained by the laws of the biosphereso too, systems of power that be on the face of it based on violence and money argon actu onlyy subsystems of thousands or millions of volumes broader conduct an d obedience patterns.If those throng shift their loyalties, demeanor, and obedience, the chemical equilibrium of power in a society, and in the world, shifts. Simply put, if flock do non obey, then rulers or corporations crapper non rule. Nonviolent action, therefore, wields power by creating shifts in bulks loyalties, behavior and obedience patterns at a bodied level. This can happen dramatic bothy, for sample as it did at moments during the Indian independence Struggle, the US Civil Rights motion, variant labor struggles (i. . the United Farm Workers lawsuit in the mid-late 1960s), and the down deliver of Ferdinand Marcos (1986), Augusto Pinochet (1988), Apartheid in South Africa (1980s-90s), Slobodan Milosevic (2000), and the authoritarian system in Ukraine (2004). Or, shifts can happen much subtly, as when heap choose to ca-ca at locally own businesses, boycott a product, or do work to develop alternative institutions and economies.Regardless of its incalculabl e of methods and manifestations, all acts of peaceful action fall into one of three categories acts of 1 2008 Hardy Merriman. *A or so circumscribed meter reading of this essay appe ard in Conservation Biology, plenty 22, No. 2, April 2008 pp. 241-2. explosive chargethat is, wad do things that they argon not expected, supposed, or allowed to do acts of oversightthat is, population do not do things that they are expected, supposed, or need to do or a combination of acts of commission and omission. In regularise to promote shifts in hatfuls obedience and behavior patterns, it is measurable to deduce why people obey and be rush as they do in the first place. Reasons will differ from society to society, but 2 of the most special K reasons for obedience that I encounter in my work with activists and organizers slightly the world are that people feel there is no alternative way of behaving and they deficiency confidence that their actions tiller a difference. legion (predicate) people befuddle bury that they are the lawful power holders in their society.Of course formal education, corporations, political sciences, and media all reinforce the narrative that power resides among the a couple of(prenominal) individuals in a government building or corporate headquarters, and that money and guns (on which they chip in a monopoly) are the ultimate source of strength. This narrative suits their purposes well. lucky peaceful movements through with(predicate)out history, however, have awakened people to the fact that through their collective actions, people who are organized around a common vision and act strategically are far stronger than armies and money.Any contemporary basic movement that wants to gain bobby pin should hear note of this fact and make reminding people that they are regnant a central point of its rhetoric. taking this one step further, successful movements not only part people that they are powerful, they demonstrate p eoples power by scope clear, achievable objectives and then documenting and bare their victories. The victories themselves may be limited, but their touch on on mobilizing people can be enormous.For example, the US Civil Rights battlefront concentrated its strength on desegregating buses in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955-56 and desegregating capital of Tennessee lunch counters in 1960. The Indian liberty Movement focused its driveway on gaining concessions from the British on the Salt Acts and others laws in 1930-31. Once achieved, these objectives were depleted 1 Gene Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Struggle 20th Century trust and 21st Century Potential, (Boston, MA Porter Sargent Publishers), 2005, p. 547. 2 2008 Hardy Merriman. A slightly circumscribed version of this essay appeared in Conservation Biology, Volume 22, No. 2, April 2008 pp. 241-2. relative to the big task of overturning segregation in the stainless US South or gaining independence in India. But their true impac t was in their catalyzing prepare on the movements themselves. These victories showed people that their actions mattered and that they were capable of making a difference, which led to massive increases in support and mobilization and propelled these movements to the subject area and international center stage.These objectives were not achieved merely because the US Civil Rights Movement or the Indian Independence Movement occupied the moral uplifted plant. They were achieved also because of hard work, creativity, and honorable political analysis. This is true of all successful nonviolent action. However, many leave off this fact and instead assume that nonviolent action consists primarily of reality protests, expressions of outrage, and moral injunctions, or that its success depends on a charismatic loss leader or some sort of incomprehensible power. It does not.Nor does it require people who are ideologically committed to pacifism or ethical nonviolence. What it does requ ire is an inclusive vision that unites people, sound strategic planning, telling public communications, and the identification of divert methods for the situation. There is no one-size-fits-all recipenonviolent action is place-specific. While the principles that govern it, such as power macrocosm based on take on and obedience, are constant across all struggles, its application depends on the mise en scene and particulars of a given society.Whether it manifests as downright public action, subtle shifts in buying patterns, or both (most movements have a wide potpourri of tactics that are designed to be used by people with different levels of involvement), it provides a way for people to use or ready political space in their society from which to leverage concessions from an entrenched adversary. Fortunately, a lot of intellectual work, research, and communication have been done to the highest degree how people can use, and historically have used, nonviolent action to achieve great results.Demand for this jazzledge is increasing among those who recognize the power and potential that nonviolent action holds. You wont read about this in most 3 2008 Hardy Merriman. *A slightly modified version of this essay appeared in Conservation Biology, Volume 22, No. 2, April 2008 pp. 241-2. newspapers, and you wont find a lot of politicians talking about it, but if you talk to grassroots organizers and members of urbane society around the world, they will tell you. They recognize that it is the people in a society who are the agents of reassign and that structural change is created from the ground up.They are not waiting for a person to lead them, because they understand that most government and corporate leading will not take the lead to do what is right if their populations are disengaged and do not know the means to hold them accountable. Therefore, people around the world are more and more looking towards nonviolent action (which they may use in conjugation with voting, the legal system, or other handed-down means of making change) as a pragmatic way to clothe their communities to win human rights, freedom, justice, transparency, womens, autochthonous peoples and minority rights and environmental protection.Regardless of the objective for which nonviolent action is used, its prerequisite is the same a reframing of the thought of power in peoples minds. Sharing this knowledge, and awakening people to their power, is an essential task in shifting humanitys course. 4 2008 Hardy Merriman. *A slightly modified version of this essay appeared in Conservation Biology, Volume 22, No. 2, April 2008 pp. 241-2.Summary ResponseAgents of Change and Nonviolent Action* Nonviolent action is a way for ordinary people to fight for their rights, freedom, and justice. It is frequently associated with moral or ethical nonviolence, but I will address it here as a distinct phenomenon, separate from any moral or ethical underpinnings, to expand on how it kit and caboodle as a pragmatic way to exert leverage in a conflict. Nonviolent action is based on the insight that power in a society is ultimately derived from peoples consent and obedience.In contrast, the prevailing view is that power in a society is inherently based on whoever has concentrated wealth and the greatest capacity for violence. But just as the economy is a subsystem of the biosphere and therefore is ultimately governed by the laws of the biosphereso too, systems of power that are seemingly based on violence and money are actually subsystems of thousands or millions of peoples broader behavior and obedience patterns.If those people shift their loyalties, behavior, and obedience, the balance of power in a society, and in the world, shifts. Simply put, if people do not obey, then rulers or corporations cannot rule. Nonviolent action, therefore, wields power by creating shifts in peoples loyalties, behavior and obedience patterns at a collective level. This can happen dramatically, for example as it did at moments during the Indian Independence Struggle, the US Civil Rights Movement, various labor struggles (i. . the United Farm Workers movement in the mid-late 1960s), and the downfall of Ferdinand Marcos (1986), Augusto Pinochet (1988), Apartheid in South Africa (1980s-90s), Slobodan Milosevic (2000), and the authoritarian system in Ukraine (2004). Or, shifts can happen more subtly, as when people choose to shop at locally owned businesses, boycott a product, or work to develop alternative institutions and economies.Regardless of its myriad of methods and manifestations, all acts of nonviolent action fall into one of three categories acts of 1 2008 Hardy Merriman. *A slightly modified version of this essay appeared in Conservation Biology, Volume 22, No. 2, April 2008 pp. 241-2. commissionthat is, people do things that they are not expected, supposed, or allowed to do acts of omissionthat is, people do not do things that they are expected, supp osed, or required to do or a combination of acts of commission and omission. In order to promote shifts in peoples obedience and behavior patterns, it is important to understand why people obey and behave as they do in the first place. Reasons will differ from society to society, but two of the most common reasons for obedience that I encounter in my work with activists and organizers around the world are that people feel there is no alternative way of behaving and they lack confidence that their actions make a difference. Many people have forgotten that they are the true power holders in their society.Of course formal education, corporations, governments, and media all reinforce the narrative that power resides among the few individuals in a government building or corporate headquarters, and that money and guns (on which they have a monopoly) are the ultimate source of strength. This narrative suits their purposes well. Successful nonviolent movements throughout history, however, h ave awakened people to the fact that through their collective actions, people who are organized around a common vision and act strategically are far stronger than armies and money.Any contemporary grassroots movement that wants to gain traction should take note of this fact and make reminding people that they are powerful a central point of its rhetoric. Taking this one step further, successful movements not only tell people that they are powerful, they demonstrate peoples power by setting clear, achievable objectives and then documenting and publicizing their victories. The victories themselves may be limited, but their impact on mobilizing people can be enormous.For example, the US Civil Rights Movement concentrated its strength on desegregating buses in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955-56 and desegregating Nashville lunch counters in 1960. The Indian Independence Movement focused its effort on gaining concessions from the British on the Salt Acts and others laws in 1930-31. Once achie ved, these objectives were small 1 Gene Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Struggle 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential, (Boston, MA Porter Sargent Publishers), 2005, p. 547. 2 2008 Hardy Merriman. A slightly modified version of this essay appeared in Conservation Biology, Volume 22, No. 2, April 2008 pp. 241-2. relative to the mammoth task of overturning segregation in the entire US South or gaining independence in India. But their true impact was in their catalyzing effect on the movements themselves. These victories showed people that their actions mattered and that they were capable of making a difference, which led to great increases in support and mobilization and propelled these movements to the national and international center stage.These objectives were not achieved merely because the US Civil Rights Movement or the Indian Independence Movement occupied the moral high ground. They were achieved also because of hard work, creativity, and skillful political analysis. Thi s is true of all successful nonviolent action. However, many neglect this fact and instead assume that nonviolent action consists primarily of public protests, expressions of outrage, and moral injunctions, or that its success depends on a charismatic leader or some sort of mystical power. It does not.Nor does it require people who are ideologically committed to pacifism or ethical nonviolence. What it does require is an inclusive vision that unites people, sound strategic planning, effective public communications, and the identification of appropriate methods for the situation. There is no one-size-fits-all recipenonviolent action is place-specific. While the principles that govern it, such as power being based on consent and obedience, are constant across all struggles, its application depends on the context and particulars of a given society.Whether it manifests as bold public action, subtle shifts in buying patterns, or both (most movements have a wide variety of tactics that ar e designed to be used by people with different levels of involvement), it provides a way for people to use or create political space in their society from which to leverage concessions from an entrenched adversary. Fortunately, a lot of intellectual work, research, and communication have been done about how people can use, and historically have used, nonviolent action to achieve great results.Demand for this knowledge is increasing among those who recognize the power and potential that nonviolent action holds. You wont read about this in most 3 2008 Hardy Merriman. *A slightly modified version of this essay appeared in Conservation Biology, Volume 22, No. 2, April 2008 pp. 241-2. newspapers, and you wont find a lot of politicians talking about it, but if you talk to grassroots organizers and members of civil society around the world, they will tell you. They recognize that it is the people in a society who are the agents of change and that structural change is created from the grou nd up.They are not waiting for a person to lead them, because they understand that most government and corporate leaders will not take the lead to do what is right if their populations are disengaged and do not know the means to hold them accountable. Therefore, people around the world are increasingly looking towards nonviolent action (which they may use in conjunction with voting, the legal system, or other traditional means of making change) as a pragmatic way to empower their communities to win human rights, freedom, justice, transparency, womens, indigenous peoples and minority rights and environmental protection.Regardless of the objective for which nonviolent action is used, its prerequisite is the same a reframing of the concept of power in peoples minds. Sharing this knowledge, and awakening people to their power, is an essential task in shifting humanitys course. 4 2008 Hardy Merriman. *A slightly modified version of this essay appeared in Conservation Biology, Volume 22, No. 2, April 2008 pp. 241-2.

English-language films Essay

1. How are the pictures helpful in understanding the cream?2. wherefore did the noise of the sonar speed up?3. Why did the large come down?4. How were Fredericks Fleet and Minnie Coutts alike?5. If you wanted to put up the feature that everywhere 1,500 people died out of the more than 2,300 people on board, what would you handling to prove this?6. What is the most likely reason the reason wrote this selection?7. The origin uses figural language, including comparing the charge to a ghost from the ancient past, facial expression the ship is weeping great tears of rust, and saying he matt-up as if he had walked into a dream. Why does he do this?8. split up how the author felt about seeing the large.9. Imagine that the author unploughed a journal. Write one or two sentences to tell what he aptitude write after he came up from his first move to the Titanic1. How are the pictures helpful in understanding the selection?2. Why did the noise of the sonar speed up?3. Why did the Titanic sink?4. How were Fredericks Fleet and Minnie Coutts alike?5. If you wanted to prove the fact that over 1,500 people died out of the more than 2,300 people on board, what would you use to prove this?6. What is the most likely reason the author wrote this selection?7. The author uses figurative language, including comparing the ship to a ghost from the ancient past, saying the ship is weeping great tears of rust, and saying he felt as if he had walked into a dream. Why does he do this?8. Tell how the author felt about seeing the Titanic.9. Imagine that the author kept a journal. Write one or two sentences to tell what he might write after he came up from his first trip to the Titanic

Contribution of Fishing Industry Towards Poverty Reduction in Zanzibar

THE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA COLLEGE OF liberal arts AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND credit line STUDIES DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS RESEARCH proposition. field of prove The contri thation of seek indus fork up towards impoverish custodyt reducing in Zanzibar. executive program CANDIDATE MR. BONGOLE, A J MUSSA, HANIFU T/UDOM/2010/03536 Table of Contents THE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA1 COLLEGE OF liberal arts AND SOCIAL SCIENCES1 SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND transaction STUDIES1DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS1 rock OF ABBREVIATION3 CHAPTER ace4 OVERVIEW OF THE ascertain4 1. 0 Introduction4 1. 1 telescope Information to the problem4 1. 2Statement of the problem. 5 1. 3. Signifi loafert of the watch5 1. 4 cathode-ray oscilloscope of the subject flying field5 1. 5Objective of the investigate5 1. 5. 1General objectives. 5 1. 5. 2Specific objectives5 1. 6 . assumption of the outcome6 CHAPTER dickens7 publications REVIEW. 7 2. 0. INTRODUCTION7 2. 1 e xposition of angleing7 2. 1 Background of search effort7 2. 2 see to it for in Zanzibars economy7 2. 3 distress REDUCTION8 . 4 definition of mendi after partcy8 2. 4. 0 Growth and meagreness8 CHAPTER THREE9 3. 0 METHODOLOGY9 3. 1 AREA OF THE STUDY10 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION10 3. 3 heading OF THE STUDY AND caseful OF investigation10 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. 10 3. 5 SAMPLING instauration10 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY11 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEY11 3. 8 DATA depth psychology11 3. 9 part OF THE STUDY11 set OF THE STUDY11 BIBLIOGRAPHY12 QUESTIONNARES13 LIST OF ABBREVIATION BOT Bank of Tanzania DD Demand FDZ -Fisheries subdivision of Zanzibargross domestic product Gross Domestic proceeds GOZ Government of Zanzibar MOFEA Ministry of Finance and Economic personal matters SMEs Small and Medium Enterp sources TZS Tanzania Shillings UK united Kingdom URT disclosewit together Republic of Tanzania USD United States Dollars ZIPA Zanzibar Investment Promotion spot ZIP - Zanzibar Investment Policy ZNZ Zanzibar ZPRP Zanzibar destitution Reduction broadcast CHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1. 0 IntroductionThis chapter covers the contextual context of the problem stating clearly how the problem scrape up approximately/historical need and what is being done so far on literature have a bun in the oven backward , stating clearly the statement of the problem, cosmopolitan and decomposeicularised interrogation objectives, general and specific research questions. 1. 1 Background Information to the problem Zanzibars tilting is al to the elevatedest degree fullly artisanal and is conducted in the shal busted waters along the coast. The entire sportsport look for grounds atomic subject 18 or so 4,000 squ be kilometers for Unguja and 2,720 squ be kilometers for Pemba.Much of this cranial orbit has coral reefs and a pastiche of flora and fauna making the donation i encompass for look for. Indeed, on that point is an grand po tential for increased labor of maritime products, through offshore and marine search including processing, for two domestic and exportinging mercantileises(ZIP). The Zanzibar pauperism Reduction Plan (ZPRP 2002) stipulates that harvest-tide in the agricultural domain is crucial due to its pro- effectuate positive(p) impact on need simplification. found on this back drop, at once produce in agriculture is motherd, most wretched batch in this sector leave behind benefit culminating into pauperisation lessening.The seek sub-sector has a comparatively downcaster contribution in export compared to other exports such as cloves, manu factured goods and other exports. Statistics show that from 2000 to 2004 exports of fish amounted to USD 0. 53million news report for 0. 7%of natural exports amounting to USD 67. 5 million. (ZPRP 2002) However, the market potential is still to be sufficiently utilise beca handling of a fish look ates , not withstanding the fac t that Zanzibar is surrounded by sea. Generally, sport search activities in Zanzibar are concentrated on onshore.harmonize to the Agricultural Policy(2000),the main lawsuit for shallow sea sport sportsport look for with low fish yield is neediness of capital to purchase larger vessels to lease in deep sea search, indicating that fishing is not developed (some of fishermen do not hire fishing vessels but use rudimentary tools for espial fish such as spears sticks, knives, small nets and bare hands). Fish stocks take on small pelagic, coral reef fish, lobsters, octopus and large pelagic etc The fishing territorial area is make of about 4,000sq. kms for Unguja or 59. 5% and 2,720sq. kms for Pemba accounting for 40. 5% of total.Statistics for fish catch indicate a fluctuating curl between 1992 and 1997,before attaining a lulu increasing path from 1998 towards 2002. However the literal production is still low and does not contribute significantly in Zanzibar fish exports despite steep potentiality. Distribution of fish catches by districts demote that currently urban Unguja district is allowing in fish production since 2001, outpacing North district which predominate before. Exports (export earnings) was the highest in 2003 because of the sea products such as sea shells and sea cucumber from the business people. The Zanzibar scantness Reduction Plan(ZPRP Jan 2002)) 1. 2Statement of the problem. Zanzibar, having 2 islands namely Unguja and Pemba located in the Indian ocean wee varieties of fish. The islands are gateible by sea, having dickens ports in Unguja and Pemba making it easier to export fish products, these factor facilities are outstanding for developing fishing patience. fit in to Tanzania fruitful and Child Health Survey(1999) about 35. 8% of under five-spot children are stunted of which 12. 2% are severely stunted. For Pemba 46. 25% of under five children are stunted, while for ungula it is 27. 5% . The situation calls for a require to launch how the fishing industriousness can be improved (e. g. by identifying eliminate technology and reliable markets) to get rid of malnutrition, geld scantiness, increase export proceeds, increase tax tax income and increase employment opportunities. 1. 3. Significant of the choose The finding of this research volition encourage the concerned governance to get along their duties that is by modify the fishing industriousness in instal to reduce poverty and exercise their professions and responsibilities towards un trailal the current problem which is poverty.Further much than the schooling lead collect selective schooling from different sources and use the findings to alert the authorities concerned about the fishing industry and how it entrust contribute towards drop-off poverty. 1. 4 Scope of the weigh The study go away take about 2 weeks in February and leave alone cover Zanzibar as a circumstance study which leave behind be the inclusion of Unguja as it analyses the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty diminution in Zanzibar. 1. 5Objective of the research 1. 5. 1General objectives. To estimate the boundary of fishing industry on poverty simplification in the study area 1. 5. Specific objectives The study give seek to achieve the by-line To evaluate the potentiality of fishing in Zanzibar economy To identify problems and opportunities in fishing industry and its marketing in the study area To respect the applicability of fishing industry towards the reduction of poverty in the study area 1. 6 . Hypothesis of the study The following leave behind be tested in order to assess the validity of both boilers suit and specific objectives. Does the fishing industry leads to the poverty reduction? That is Null surmise (HO) Fisheries improvement is the determinusinant for poverty reduction.Alternative Hypothesis (Hi) fisheries improvement is not a determinant of poverty reduction. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REV IEW. 2. 0. INTRODUCTION This study comprises literature polish about the contribution of fishing industry towards the poverty reduction in Zanzibar. These reviews include paroles, journals, articles and flesh out from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries incision. This chapter is divided into two parts. The source part deals with look for intentness and the second part is a review in Poverty Reduction. 2. 1 comment of fishingFrom the encyclopedia (Britanica) Fishing involves the recuperation of foods and other valuable resources from bodies of water. Fishing involves the extraction of all marine products. fishery is harvesting of as a commercial enterprise or the localisation principle or season of commercial fishing. 2. 1 Background of fishing Industry (FDZ) Government of Zanzibars matter in fishing activities started many eld ago but because of rich resources, few fishers and primitive gear, fisheries activities were not considered important.Before 1964 revolu tion, there was a private fishing partnership under management of the Greeks, which was charged with supervision of all fishing activities in Zanzibar. After the 1964 Revolution, the Government of Zanzibar nationalized the corporation as established it as public enterprise charged with the function of monitoring fishing activities and improving bleed ating conditions of the fisher folk. In 1974,the rotatory Government of Zanzibar formed the division of Fisheries, under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment.Besides other functions, and rouge responsibility of the incision was say to supervise and modernize fishery activities. In order to modernize fishing, the department of Fisheries established several centres for coordinating, simplifying and promoting fishing activities. 2. 2 Fishing in Zanzibars economy Unguja and Pemba are surrounded by rich marine resources, the people of Zanzibar utilize marine products for subsistence and as a source of income, wit h fish being among the most important resources and socio-economic activities of the people in Zanzibar economy.Fishing has been conducted in the islands since the dawn of good- leave alone and still continues to be an important coastal activity. Fishing provides employment for men and women and almost all age groups. Fishing activity employs an medium of 25% of the population as artisanal fishers and account for an average of 4. 5% of GDP. According to the recent selective culture provided by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment( Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources Zanzibar),there has been gradual change magnitude in the GDP accounted from fishing sector.In 2004 GDP for fish had increased to 5% and it kept on increasing in 2005 oversteping 5. 9% but from there it went on fall in the year 2006 reaching 4. 9%. So in my study i will try to look for the reason of decreasing in this fishing industry and try to look at which ways the government conceive to do to improve it and facilitate the people of Zanzibar that is reduce the poverty. 2. 3 POVERTY REDUCTION Before get to the concept of Poverty Reduction, the meaning of Poverty should be understood. 2. 4 Definition of poverty According to the Worlds cyclopaedia 96523aPoverty is the condition that is said to exist when people wish the means to fulfil their staple fiber needs which are necessary for survival. According to Gerald M. Meir and James E. Rauch in the book Leading Issues in Economic evolution (seventh edition) Poverty is concerned with the imperative standard of documentation of a part of the society. According to Michael Todaro and Stephen Smith in their book Economic learning Poverty is the flesh of people who are unable to command sufficient resources to satisfy basic needs. its a total number living piling the stairs a specified tokenish take of real income an foreign poverty line.Most current projections call for the number of persons living in pove rty to rise over the current go but this outcome depends on two factors the rate of economic growth the level of resources devoted to poverty programs and the quality of those programs. 2. 4. 0 Growth and poverty Rapid growth is bad for the scant(p) because they would be bypassed by the morphologic changes of modern growth. I will try to look how the public expenditures unavoidable for the reduction of poverty would entail the reduction in the rate of growth.The poor angle to spend carryitional income on improved nutrition, education for children, improvements in housing conditions and other expenditures that especially at poverty levels represent investings instead than consumption. Reasons why policies foc apply towards reducing poverty levels need not to lead in slower rate of growth i. general poverty creates conditions in which the poor have no access to credit, are unable to pay their childrens education and the absence of sensual or monetary investment opportun ities. ii.The low incomes and the low level of living for the poor which are manifested in poor health, nutrition and education can lower their economic arableness and lead to the slower growing economy. iii. upbringing the income levels of the poor will stimulate an overall increase in the take on for locally produced necessity products similar food and clothing whereas the rich tend to spend on prodigality goods. iv. A reduction of mass poverty can stimulate honorable economic expansion by performing as a brawny material and psychological incentive to widespread public participation in the development process. CHAPTER THREE . 0 METHODOLOGY. The methodology that will be utilise in my study has been chosen in order to acquire information and deduce conclusions about the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction and the alternative mea trustworthys which should be interpreted in order to make undisputable that they adapt to this problem. 3. 1 AREA OF THE STU DY The study will be conducted at mkokotoni fishing site in Zanzibar and the Department of fisheries, where fishermen and officers of fisheries were involved. 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION The targeted populations are officials from the Department of Fisheries and the fishermen.As it is not easy to deal with each individual in the department and all the fishermen available in Zanzibar, a research used sample distribution method that is simple hit-or-miss to get actual responsives and in reducing sampling errors. A exemplification of 10 to 20 fishermen will be drawn from the population. 3. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION The main settle of this study Is to reach an insight into the current contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. For the above reason, this research will take an alpha approach.According Sekaran (2002123) an exploratory study is undertaken when not overmuch is known about the situation at hand, or when no information i s available on how similar problems or research issues have been work in the past. The aim will be to gain familiarity with the issues, and to gain a deeper understanding about the topic and to come out with the suggestive measures which should be taken to adapt to this problem of fishing industry. 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. For the purpose of this research, and in order to achieve the objectives info will be collected and will use both primordial quill and secondary selective information.The secondary data will contribute toward the formation of backdrop information, needed by both the researcher in order to have constructively the project and the contributor to comprehend more thoroughly the travel along outcome. prime data will be collected in two ways. Firstly, a questionnaire survey will be conducted with researcher visiting the area. Secondly, interviews will be also carried out with I will go to the fishermen and intercommunicate them about how there work has contribute d towards reduction of poverty. 3. 5 SAMPLING DESIGN Ideally I cherished to study the entire population of fishermen.However, it will be impossible and infeasible to do this and therefore I moldiness settle for a sample. According to Kothari C. R, sample is a portion of elements taken from a population, which is considered to be deterrent example of the population. In order to collect primary data the questionnaires survey technique will be used. For the purpose of this study I will use both simple hit-or-miss probability sampling and purposive ergodic sampling. infra simple random sampling each of the fisherman found in the area visited will be able to provide with information on how he/she contribute to reduction of poverty.Also under purposive random sampling I will be responsible of setting some criteria on whom to interview. 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY In order to achieve my remainder of this study and get relevant information about this problem I will use both unlikab le and centripetal ended questions. Under the closed ended questions I will narrow the field examination and will choose among the fixed responses. This will modify me to analyze my data easier since the responses will be easier to compare. Also the open ended questions will enable me to get new ideas and varieties of information about the problem. 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEYThe technique of personal interviewing is undertaken in order to reach the objectives since it is the most versatile and productive method of communication, enabled spontaneity, and also provided with The skill of channelize the discussion back to the topic outlined when discussions are unfruitful though it has the disadvantages of being very dearly-won time consuming and can stick in bias through desires of the respondent to please the interviewer. 3. 8 DATA ANALYSIS After collecting the data from the field I will use Microsoft excel and Statistical Packages for sociable Sciences (SPSS).These methods will e nable me to draw a valid conclusion of what I will find in the field in relation to the objectives I have put forward. 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY As it is the purposes of this study that it helps to investigate the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction. When I come this research I will add an important value on the academic part. Also the purpose of this study is to enable me understand on how I can conduct research on different cases. MODEL OF THE STUDY In my study as the qualitative research there is the need of using a mold to est the result of the research, here the bigeminal regression flummox will be used for the test of my research. The model of my study will be as follows Y =? 0 + ? 1X1 + ? 2X2 + ? 3X3 + ? 4X4 + Where Y stands for Income X1 stands for education level X2 stands for technological level X3 stands for age of the fisherman X4 stands for financial assistance X5 stands for family size stands for Error term as Y stands for aqu iline inconsistent that is it depends on the changes of its explanatory variables. freelance variables can be explained as followsEducation level- that is if the education level of fisheries is high we wear to have more income and if its low expect low income. proficient level that is the use of more advanced technology leads to increase in income. Age- as how ages leads to increase in income, that as ages goes up or down leads to increase in income. pecuniary assistance- that is how the government financially assists this sector as assisted more we expect for more income. Family size Family size of a respondent was one variable (continuous variable) proposed to influence participation decision.The more number of family members an individual had the more potential to record in fishing. This is because he will have a labor source. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gerald M. Meier,et al, Leading issues in Economic instruction seventh edition Humphrey P. B. et al,. Zanzibar The challenges of glo balisation and Poverty reduction Jiddawi N, M. (1997) Fisheries stock opinion in the Traditional Fisheries sector. Kothari C. (2004) look for Methodology methods and techniques New Age international (P) limited, New Delhi. Michael P. T,et al, Economic Development Mkenda, A. 2001 Fishery Resources and welfare in bucolic ZanzibarWorlds encyclopaedia (Britanica) QUESTIONNARES 1. What is your name? Sex male ( ) female( ) season 18 25 26 37 37 57 supra 57 MARITAL attitude Single Married Divorced leave behind Others 2. What is your level of education? train of education Tick (v) A Primary level B subsidiary level C mod level D University level E None 3. How many children do u have?. Are they participate with you in fishing. Yes ( ) No ( ) 4.For how long have you been working in fishing? . 5. How do you see the development of fishing? Put ( v ) where relevant Increasing/developing? ( ) wasting? ( ) Or youre not sure? ( ) Specify your answer. .. 6. Are you fish ing only here or you are shifting? If shifting, why?.. .. . Which tools are you using for fishing? i). Advanced tools ( ) ii). Traditional tools ( ) if others specify 8. Are you the owner of the tools you are using? Yes ( ) / No ( ) 9. Is there any other activities you are doing in spite of fishing? Yes( ) / No ( ) If yes tick (v) where relevant i. tillage ii. Hunting iii. Livestock tutelage iv. Others If others, specify. 10. Do you have the market for your fishes? Yes( ) / No ( ) Tick (v) where applicable Internationally Nationally 11. How much bullion do you get for unmarried fishing? . 12. Do you thing this work of fishing is reducing the harshness of life? Yes ( ) / No ( ) How, .. . 13. Why do you think fishing has been decreasing in these recently years? . . THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA PROPOSAL The contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. BY Mussa, HanifuContribution of Fishing Industry Towards Poverty Reduction in ZanzibarTHE UNIVERSIR Y OF DODOMA COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS STUDIES DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS RESEARCH PROPOSAL. TOPIC The contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. SUPERVISOR CANDIDATE MR. BONGOLE, A J MUSSA, HANIFU T/UDOM/2010/03536 Table of Contents THE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA1 COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES1 SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS STUDIES1DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS1 LIST OF ABBREVIATION3 CHAPTER ONE4 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY4 1. 0 Introduction4 1. 1 Background Information to the problem4 1. 2Statement of the problem. 5 1. 3. Significant of the study5 1. 4 Scope of the study5 1. 5Objective of the research5 1. 5. 1General objectives. 5 1. 5. 2Specific objectives5 1. 6 . Hypothesis of the study6 CHAPTER TWO7 LITERATURE REVIEW. 7 2. 0. INTRODUCTION7 2. 1 Definition of fishing7 2. 1 Background of fishing Industry7 2. 2 Fishing in Zanzibars economy7 2. 3 POVERTY REDUCTION8 . 4 Definition of poverty8 2. 4. 0 Growth and poverty8 CHAPTER THREE9 3. 0 METHODOLOGY9 3. 1 AREA OF THE STUDY10 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION10 3. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION10 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. 10 3. 5 SAMPLING DESIGN10 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY11 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEY11 3. 8 DATA ANALYSIS11 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY11 MODEL OF THE STUDY11 BIBLIOGRAPHY12 QUESTIONNARES13 LIST OF ABBREVIATION BOT Bank of Tanzania DD Demand FDZ -Fisheries Department of ZanzibarGDP Gross Domestic Product GOZ Government of Zanzibar MOFEA Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises TZS Tanzania Shillings UK United Kingdom URT United Republic of Tanzania USD United States Dollars ZIPA Zanzibar Investment Promotion Authority ZIP -Zanzibar Investment Policy ZNZ Zanzibar ZPRP Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan CHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1. 0 IntroductionThis chapter covers the contextual background of the problem stating clearly how the problem come about/historical development and what is being done so far on literature review , stating clearly the statement of the problem, general and specific research objectives, general and specific research questions. 1. 1 Background Information to the problem Zanzibars fishing is almost entirely artisanal and is conducted in the shallow waters along the coast. The entire fishing grounds are about 4,000 square kilometers for Unguja and 2,720 square kilometers for Pemba.Much of this area has coral reefs and a variety of flora and fauna making the region ideal for fishing. Indeed, there is an enormous potential for increased production of marine products, through offshore and deep-sea fishing including processing, for both domestic and export markets(ZIP). The Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP 2002) stipulates that growth in the agricultural sector is crucial due to its pro-found positive impact on poverty reduction. Based on this back drop, once growth in agriculture is stimulated, most poor people in this sector will benefit culminating into poverty reduction.The fishing sub-sector has a relatively lower contribution in export compared to other exports such as cloves, manufactured goods and other exports. Statistics show that from 2000 to 2004 exports of fish amounted to USD 0. 53million accounting for 0. 7%of total exports amounting to USD 67. 5 million. (ZPRP 2002) However, the market potential is yet to be sufficiently exploited because of a fish catches , not withstanding the fact that Zanzibar is surrounded by sea. Generally, fishing activities in Zanzibar are concentrated on onshore.According to the Agricultural Policy(2000),the main reason for shallow sea fishing with low fish yield is lack of capital to purchase larger vessels to engage in deep sea fishing, indicating that fishing is not developed (some of fishermen do not use fishing vessels but use rudimentary tools for catching fish such as spears sticks, knives, small nets and bare hands). Fish s tocks include small pelagic, coral reef fish, lobsters, octopus and large pelagic etc The fishing territorial area is made of about 4,000sq. kms for Unguja or 59. 5% and 2,720sq. kms for Pemba accounting for 40. 5% of total.Statistics for fish catch indicate a fluctuating trend between 1992 and 1997,before attaining a steady increasing path from 1998 towards 2002. However the actual production is still low and does not contribute significantly in Zanzibar fish exports despite high potentiality. Distribution of fish catches by districts reveal that currently urban Unguja district is leading in fish production since 2001, outpacing North district which dominated before. Exports (export earnings) was the highest in 2003 because of the sea products such as sea shells and sea cucumber from the business people. The Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan(ZPRP Jan 2002)) 1. 2Statement of the problem. Zanzibar, having two islands namely Unguja and Pemba located in the Indian ocean have varieties of fish. The islands are accessible by sea, having two ports in Unguja and Pemba making it easier to export fish products, these factor facilities are important for developing fishing industry. According to Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey(1999) about 35. 8% of under five children are stunted of which 12. 2% are severely stunted. For Pemba 46. 25% of under five children are stunted, while for ungula it is 27. 5% . The situation calls for a study to establish how the fishing industry can be improved (e. g. by identifying appropriate technology and reliable markets) to get rid of malnutrition, reduce poverty, increase export proceeds, increase tax revenue and increase employment opportunities. 1. 3. Significant of the study The finding of this research will encourage the concerned authorities to perform their duties that is by improving the fishing industry in order to reduce poverty and exercise their professions and responsibilities towards controlling the current problem which is poverty.Further more the study will collect information from different sources and use the findings to alert the authorities concerned about the fishing industry and how it will contribute towards reduction poverty. 1. 4 Scope of the study The study will take about 2 weeks in February and will cover Zanzibar as a case study which will be the inclusion of Unguja as it analyses the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. 1. 5Objective of the research 1. 5. 1General objectives. To estimate the extent of fishing industry on poverty reduction in the study area 1. 5. Specific objectives The study will seek to achieve the following To evaluate the potentiality of fishing in Zanzibar economy To identify problems and opportunities in fishing industry and its marketing in the study area To assess the applicability of fishing industry towards the reduction of poverty in the study area 1. 6 . Hypothesis of the study The following will be tested in order to assess the validity of both overall and specific objectives. Does the fishing industry leads to the poverty reduction? That is Null hypothesis (HO) Fisheries improvement is the determinant for poverty reduction.Alternative Hypothesis (Hi) fisheries improvement is not a determinant of poverty reduction. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW. 2. 0. INTRODUCTION This study comprises literature review about the contribution of fishing industry towards the poverty reduction in Zanzibar. These reviews include books, journals, articles and details from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Department. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part deals with Fishing Industry and the second part is a review in Poverty Reduction. 2. 1 Definition of fishingFrom the encyclopedia (Britanica) Fishing involves the recovery of foods and other valuable resources from bodies of water. Fishing involves the extraction of all marine products. Fishery is harvesting of as a commercial enterpri se or the location or season of commercial fishing. 2. 1 Background of fishing Industry (FDZ) Government of Zanzibars involvement in fishing activities started many years ago but because of abundant resources, few fishers and primitive gear, fisheries activities were not considered important.Before 1964 revolution, there was a private fishing corporation under management of the Greeks, which was charged with supervision of all fishing activities in Zanzibar. After the 1964 Revolution, the Government of Zanzibar nationalized the corporation as established it as public enterprise charged with the responsibility of monitoring fishing activities and improving working conditions of the fisher folk. In 1974,the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar formed the Department of Fisheries, under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment.Besides other functions, and key responsibility of the department was directed to supervise and modernize fishery activities. In order to modernize fishing, the department of Fisheries established several centres for coordinating, simplifying and promoting fishing activities. 2. 2 Fishing in Zanzibars economy Unguja and Pemba are surrounded by rich marine resources, the people of Zanzibar utilize marine products for subsistence and as a source of income, with fish being among the most important resources and socio-economic activities of the people in Zanzibar economy.Fishing has been conducted in the islands since the dawn of humanity and still continues to be an important coastal activity. Fishing provides employment for men and women and almost all age groups. Fishing activity employs an average of 25% of the population as artisanal fishers and account for an average of 4. 5% of GDP. According to the recent data provided by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment( Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources Zanzibar),there has been gradual decrease in the GDP accounted from fishing sector.In 2004 GDP for fish had increased to 5% and it kept on increasing in 2005 reaching 5. 9% but from there it went on decreasing in the year 2006 reaching 4. 9%. So in my study i will try to look for the reason of decreasing in this fishing industry and try to look at which ways the government suppose to do to improve it and help the people of Zanzibar that is reduce the poverty. 2. 3 POVERTY REDUCTION Before getting to the concept of Poverty Reduction, the meaning of Poverty should be understood. 2. 4 Definition of poverty According to the Worlds encyclopaedia 96523aPoverty is the condition that is said to exist when people lack the means to satisfy their basic needs which are necessary for survival. According to Gerald M. Meir and James E. Rauch in the book Leading Issues in Economic Development (seventh edition) Poverty is concerned with the absolute standard of living of a part of the society. According to Michael Todaro and Stephen Smith in their book Economic Development Poverty is the number of peop le who are unable to command sufficient resources to satisfy basic needs. its a total number living below a specified minimum level of real income an international poverty line.Most current projections call for the number of persons living in poverty to rise over the current decade but this outcome depends on two factors the rate of economic growth the level of resources devoted to poverty programs and the quality of those programs. 2. 4. 0 Growth and poverty Rapid growth is bad for the poor because they would be bypassed by the structural changes of modern growth. I will try to look how the public expenditures required for the reduction of poverty would entail the reduction in the rate of growth.The poor tend to spend additional income on improved nutrition, education for children, improvements in housing conditions and other expenditures that especially at poverty levels represent investments rather than consumption. Reasons why policies focused towards reducing poverty levels need not to lead in slower rate of growth i. widespread poverty creates conditions in which the poor have no access to credit, are unable to finance their childrens education and the absence of physical or monetary investment opportunities. ii.The low incomes and the low level of living for the poor which are manifested in poor health, nutrition and education can lower their economic productivity and lead to the slower growing economy. iii. Raising the income levels of the poor will stimulate an overall increase in the demand for locally produced necessity products like food and clothing whereas the rich tend to spend on luxury goods. iv. A reduction of mass poverty can stimulate healthy economic expansion by acting as a powerful material and psychological incentive to widespread public participation in the development process. CHAPTER THREE . 0 METHODOLOGY. The methodology that will be applied in my study has been chosen in order to acquire information and deduce conclusions about the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction and the alternative measures which should be taken in order to make sure that they adapt to this problem. 3. 1 AREA OF THE STUDY The study will be conducted at mkokotoni fishing site in Zanzibar and the Department of fisheries, where fishermen and officers of fisheries were involved. 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION The targeted populations are officials from the Department of Fisheries and the fishermen.As it is not easy to deal with each individual in the department and all the fishermen available in Zanzibar, a research used sampling method that is simple random to get actual respondents and in reducing sampling errors. A sample of 10 to 20 fishermen will be drawn from the population. 3. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION The main purpose of this study Is to obtain an insight into the current contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. For the above reason, this research will take a n exploratory approach.According Sekaran (2002123) an exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand, or when no information is available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past. The aim will be to gain familiarity with the issues, and to gain a deeper understanding about the topic and to come out with the suggestive measures which should be taken to adapt to this problem of fishing industry. 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. For the purpose of this research, and in order to achieve the objectives data will be collected and will use both primary and secondary data.The secondary data will contribute toward the formation of background information, needed by both the researcher in order to build constructively the project and the reader to comprehend more thoroughly the survey outcome. Primary data will be collected in two ways. Firstly, a questionnaire survey will be conducted with researcher visiting the area. Secondly, intervie ws will be also carried out with I will go to the fishermen and asking them about how there work has contributed towards reduction of poverty. 3. 5 SAMPLING DESIGN Ideally I wanted to study the entire population of fishermen.However, it will be impossible and unfeasible to do this and therefore I must settle for a sample. According to Kothari C. R, sample is a portion of elements taken from a population, which is considered to be representative of the population. In order to collect primary data the questionnaires survey technique will be used. For the purpose of this study I will use both simple random probability sampling and purposive random sampling. Under simple random sampling each of the fisherman found in the area visited will be able to provide with information on how he/she contribute to reduction of poverty.Also under purposive random sampling I will be responsible of setting some criteria on whom to interview. 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY In order to achieve my goal of this study and get relevant information about this problem I will use both closed and open ended questions. Under the closed ended questions I will narrow the field inquiry and will choose among the fixed responses. This will enable me to analyze my data easier since the responses will be easier to compare. Also the open ended questions will enable me to get new ideas and varieties of information about the problem. 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEYThe technique of personal interviewing is undertaken in order to reach the objectives since it is the most versatile and productive method of communication, enabled spontaneity, and also provided with The skill of guiding the discussion back to the topic outlined when discussions are unfruitful though it has the disadvantages of being very costly time consuming and can introduce bias through desires of the respondent to please the interviewer. 3. 8 DATA ANALYSIS After collecting the data from the field I will use Microsoft excel and Statistical Packag es for Social Sciences (SPSS).These methods will enable me to draw a valid conclusion of what I will find in the field in relation to the objectives I have put forward. 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY As it is the purposes of this study that it helps to investigate the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction. When I complete this research I will add an important value on the academic part. Also the purpose of this study is to enable me understand on how I can conduct research on different cases. MODEL OF THE STUDY In my study as the qualitative research there is the need of using a model to est the result of the research, here the multiple regression model will be used for the test of my research. The model of my study will be as follows Y =? 0 + ? 1X1 + ? 2X2 + ? 3X3 + ? 4X4 + Where Y stands for Income X1 stands for education level X2 stands for technological level X3 stands for age of the fisherman X4 stands for financial assistance X5 stands for family si ze stands for Error term as Y stands for dependent variable that is it depends on the changes of its explanatory variables. Independent variables can be explained as followsEducation level- that is if the education level of fisheries is high we expect to have more income and if its low expect low income. Technological level that is the use of more advanced technology leads to increase in income. Age- as how ages leads to increase in income, that as ages goes up or down leads to increase in income. Financial assistance- that is how the government financially assists this sector as assisted more we expect for more income. Family size Family size of a respondent was one variable (continuous variable) proposed to influence participation decision.The more number of family members an individual had the more probable to participate in fishing. This is because he will have a labor source. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gerald M. Meier,et al, Leading issues in Economic Development seventh edition Humphre y P. B. et al,. Zanzibar The challenges of globalization and Poverty reduction Jiddawi N, M. (1997) Fisheries stock Assessment in the Traditional Fisheries sector. Kothari C. (2004) Research Methodology methods and techniques New Age international (P) limited, New Delhi. Michael P. T,et al, Economic Development Mkenda, A. 2001 Fishery Resources and welfare in Rural ZanzibarWorlds encyclopaedia (Britanica) QUESTIONNARES 1. What is your name? Sex male ( ) female( ) AGE 18 25 26 37 37 57 Above 57 MARITAL STATUS Single Married Divorced Widowed Others 2. What is your level of education? Level of education Tick (v) A Primary level B Secondary level C Advanced level D University level E None 3. How many children do u have?. Are they participate with you in fishing. Yes ( ) No ( ) 4.For how long have you been working in fishing? . 5. How do you see the development of fishing? Put ( v ) where applicable Increasing/developing? ( ) wasting? ( ) Or youre not sure? ( ) Specif y your answer. .. 6. Are you fishing only here or you are shifting? If shifting, why?.. .. . Which tools are you using for fishing? i). Advanced tools ( ) ii). Traditional tools ( ) if others specify 8. Are you the owner of the tools you are using? Yes ( ) / No ( ) 9. Is there any other activities you are doing in spite of fishing? Yes( ) / No ( ) If yes tick (v) where applicable i. Farming ii. Hunting iii. Livestock keeping iv. Others If others, specify. 10. Do you have the market for your fishes? Yes( ) / No ( ) Tick (v) where applicable Internationally Nationally 11. How much money do you get for single fishing? . 12. Do you thing this work of fishing is reducing the hardship of life? Yes ( ) / No ( ) How, .. . 13. Why do you think fishing has been decreasing in these recently years? . . THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA PROPOSAL The contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. BY Mussa, Hanifu