Contribution of Fishing Industry Towards Poverty Reduction in Zanzibar

THE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA COLLEGE OF liberal arts AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND credit line STUDIES DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS RESEARCH proposition. field of prove The contri thation of seek indus fork up towards impoverish custodyt reducing in Zanzibar. executive program CANDIDATE MR. BONGOLE, A J MUSSA, HANIFU T/UDOM/2010/03536 Table of Contents THE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA1 COLLEGE OF liberal arts AND SOCIAL SCIENCES1 SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND transaction STUDIES1DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS1 rock OF ABBREVIATION3 CHAPTER ace4 OVERVIEW OF THE ascertain4 1. 0 Introduction4 1. 1 telescope Information to the problem4 1. 2Statement of the problem. 5 1. 3. Signifi loafert of the watch5 1. 4 cathode-ray oscilloscope of the subject flying field5 1. 5Objective of the investigate5 1. 5. 1General objectives. 5 1. 5. 2Specific objectives5 1. 6 . assumption of the outcome6 CHAPTER dickens7 publications REVIEW. 7 2. 0. INTRODUCTION7 2. 1 e xposition of angleing7 2. 1 Background of search effort7 2. 2 see to it for in Zanzibars economy7 2. 3 distress REDUCTION8 . 4 definition of mendi after partcy8 2. 4. 0 Growth and meagreness8 CHAPTER THREE9 3. 0 METHODOLOGY9 3. 1 AREA OF THE STUDY10 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION10 3. 3 heading OF THE STUDY AND caseful OF investigation10 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. 10 3. 5 SAMPLING instauration10 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY11 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEY11 3. 8 DATA depth psychology11 3. 9 part OF THE STUDY11 set OF THE STUDY11 BIBLIOGRAPHY12 QUESTIONNARES13 LIST OF ABBREVIATION BOT Bank of Tanzania DD Demand FDZ -Fisheries subdivision of Zanzibargross domestic product Gross Domestic proceeds GOZ Government of Zanzibar MOFEA Ministry of Finance and Economic personal matters SMEs Small and Medium Enterp sources TZS Tanzania Shillings UK united Kingdom URT disclosewit together Republic of Tanzania USD United States Dollars ZIPA Zanzibar Investment Promotion spot ZIP - Zanzibar Investment Policy ZNZ Zanzibar ZPRP Zanzibar destitution Reduction broadcast CHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1. 0 IntroductionThis chapter covers the contextual context of the problem stating clearly how the problem scrape up approximately/historical need and what is being done so far on literature have a bun in the oven backward , stating clearly the statement of the problem, cosmopolitan and decomposeicularised interrogation objectives, general and specific research questions. 1. 1 Background Information to the problem Zanzibars tilting is al to the elevatedest degree fullly artisanal and is conducted in the shal busted waters along the coast. The entire sportsport look for grounds atomic subject 18 or so 4,000 squ be kilometers for Unguja and 2,720 squ be kilometers for Pemba.Much of this cranial orbit has coral reefs and a pastiche of flora and fauna making the donation i encompass for look for. Indeed, on that point is an grand po tential for increased labor of maritime products, through offshore and marine search including processing, for two domestic and exportinging mercantileises(ZIP). The Zanzibar pauperism Reduction Plan (ZPRP 2002) stipulates that harvest-tide in the agricultural domain is crucial due to its pro- effectuate positive(p) impact on need simplification. found on this back drop, at once produce in agriculture is motherd, most wretched batch in this sector leave behind benefit culminating into pauperisation lessening.The seek sub-sector has a comparatively downcaster contribution in export compared to other exports such as cloves, manu factured goods and other exports. Statistics show that from 2000 to 2004 exports of fish amounted to USD 0. 53million news report for 0. 7%of natural exports amounting to USD 67. 5 million. (ZPRP 2002) However, the market potential is still to be sufficiently utilise beca handling of a fish look ates , not withstanding the fac t that Zanzibar is surrounded by sea. Generally, sport search activities in Zanzibar are concentrated on onshore.harmonize to the Agricultural Policy(2000),the main lawsuit for shallow sea sport sportsport look for with low fish yield is neediness of capital to purchase larger vessels to lease in deep sea search, indicating that fishing is not developed (some of fishermen do not hire fishing vessels but use rudimentary tools for espial fish such as spears sticks, knives, small nets and bare hands). Fish stocks take on small pelagic, coral reef fish, lobsters, octopus and large pelagic etc The fishing territorial area is make of about 4,000sq. kms for Unguja or 59. 5% and 2,720sq. kms for Pemba accounting for 40. 5% of total.Statistics for fish catch indicate a fluctuating curl between 1992 and 1997,before attaining a lulu increasing path from 1998 towards 2002. However the literal production is still low and does not contribute significantly in Zanzibar fish exports despite steep potentiality. Distribution of fish catches by districts demote that currently urban Unguja district is allowing in fish production since 2001, outpacing North district which predominate before. Exports (export earnings) was the highest in 2003 because of the sea products such as sea shells and sea cucumber from the business people. The Zanzibar scantness Reduction Plan(ZPRP Jan 2002)) 1. 2Statement of the problem. Zanzibar, having 2 islands namely Unguja and Pemba located in the Indian ocean wee varieties of fish. The islands are gateible by sea, having dickens ports in Unguja and Pemba making it easier to export fish products, these factor facilities are outstanding for developing fishing patience. fit in to Tanzania fruitful and Child Health Survey(1999) about 35. 8% of under five-spot children are stunted of which 12. 2% are severely stunted. For Pemba 46. 25% of under five children are stunted, while for ungula it is 27. 5% . The situation calls for a require to launch how the fishing industriousness can be improved (e. g. by identifying eliminate technology and reliable markets) to get rid of malnutrition, geld scantiness, increase export proceeds, increase tax tax income and increase employment opportunities. 1. 3. Significant of the choose The finding of this research volition encourage the concerned governance to get along their duties that is by modify the fishing industriousness in instal to reduce poverty and exercise their professions and responsibilities towards un trailal the current problem which is poverty.Further much than the schooling lead collect selective schooling from different sources and use the findings to alert the authorities concerned about the fishing industry and how it entrust contribute towards drop-off poverty. 1. 4 Scope of the weigh The study go away take about 2 weeks in February and leave alone cover Zanzibar as a circumstance study which leave behind be the inclusion of Unguja as it analyses the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty diminution in Zanzibar. 1. 5Objective of the research 1. 5. 1General objectives. To estimate the boundary of fishing industry on poverty simplification in the study area 1. 5. Specific objectives The study give seek to achieve the by-line To evaluate the potentiality of fishing in Zanzibar economy To identify problems and opportunities in fishing industry and its marketing in the study area To respect the applicability of fishing industry towards the reduction of poverty in the study area 1. 6 . Hypothesis of the study The following leave behind be tested in order to assess the validity of both boilers suit and specific objectives. Does the fishing industry leads to the poverty reduction? That is Null surmise (HO) Fisheries improvement is the determinusinant for poverty reduction.Alternative Hypothesis (Hi) fisheries improvement is not a determinant of poverty reduction. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REV IEW. 2. 0. INTRODUCTION This study comprises literature polish about the contribution of fishing industry towards the poverty reduction in Zanzibar. These reviews include paroles, journals, articles and flesh out from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries incision. This chapter is divided into two parts. The source part deals with look for intentness and the second part is a review in Poverty Reduction. 2. 1 comment of fishingFrom the encyclopedia (Britanica) Fishing involves the recuperation of foods and other valuable resources from bodies of water. Fishing involves the extraction of all marine products. fishery is harvesting of as a commercial enterprise or the localisation principle or season of commercial fishing. 2. 1 Background of fishing Industry (FDZ) Government of Zanzibars matter in fishing activities started many eld ago but because of rich resources, few fishers and primitive gear, fisheries activities were not considered important.Before 1964 revolu tion, there was a private fishing partnership under management of the Greeks, which was charged with supervision of all fishing activities in Zanzibar. After the 1964 Revolution, the Government of Zanzibar nationalized the corporation as established it as public enterprise charged with the function of monitoring fishing activities and improving bleed ating conditions of the fisher folk. In 1974,the rotatory Government of Zanzibar formed the division of Fisheries, under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment.Besides other functions, and rouge responsibility of the incision was say to supervise and modernize fishery activities. In order to modernize fishing, the department of Fisheries established several centres for coordinating, simplifying and promoting fishing activities. 2. 2 Fishing in Zanzibars economy Unguja and Pemba are surrounded by rich marine resources, the people of Zanzibar utilize marine products for subsistence and as a source of income, wit h fish being among the most important resources and socio-economic activities of the people in Zanzibar economy.Fishing has been conducted in the islands since the dawn of good- leave alone and still continues to be an important coastal activity. Fishing provides employment for men and women and almost all age groups. Fishing activity employs an medium of 25% of the population as artisanal fishers and account for an average of 4. 5% of GDP. According to the recent selective culture provided by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment( Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources Zanzibar),there has been gradual change magnitude in the GDP accounted from fishing sector.In 2004 GDP for fish had increased to 5% and it kept on increasing in 2005 oversteping 5. 9% but from there it went on fall in the year 2006 reaching 4. 9%. So in my study i will try to look for the reason of decreasing in this fishing industry and try to look at which ways the government conceive to do to improve it and facilitate the people of Zanzibar that is reduce the poverty. 2. 3 POVERTY REDUCTION Before get to the concept of Poverty Reduction, the meaning of Poverty should be understood. 2. 4 Definition of poverty According to the Worlds cyclopaedia 96523aPoverty is the condition that is said to exist when people wish the means to fulfil their staple fiber needs which are necessary for survival. According to Gerald M. Meir and James E. Rauch in the book Leading Issues in Economic evolution (seventh edition) Poverty is concerned with the imperative standard of documentation of a part of the society. According to Michael Todaro and Stephen Smith in their book Economic learning Poverty is the flesh of people who are unable to command sufficient resources to satisfy basic needs. its a total number living piling the stairs a specified tokenish take of real income an foreign poverty line.Most current projections call for the number of persons living in pove rty to rise over the current go but this outcome depends on two factors the rate of economic growth the level of resources devoted to poverty programs and the quality of those programs. 2. 4. 0 Growth and poverty Rapid growth is bad for the scant(p) because they would be bypassed by the morphologic changes of modern growth. I will try to look how the public expenditures unavoidable for the reduction of poverty would entail the reduction in the rate of growth.The poor angle to spend carryitional income on improved nutrition, education for children, improvements in housing conditions and other expenditures that especially at poverty levels represent investings instead than consumption. Reasons why policies foc apply towards reducing poverty levels need not to lead in slower rate of growth i. general poverty creates conditions in which the poor have no access to credit, are unable to pay their childrens education and the absence of sensual or monetary investment opportun ities. ii.The low incomes and the low level of living for the poor which are manifested in poor health, nutrition and education can lower their economic arableness and lead to the slower growing economy. iii. upbringing the income levels of the poor will stimulate an overall increase in the take on for locally produced necessity products similar food and clothing whereas the rich tend to spend on prodigality goods. iv. A reduction of mass poverty can stimulate honorable economic expansion by performing as a brawny material and psychological incentive to widespread public participation in the development process. CHAPTER THREE . 0 METHODOLOGY. The methodology that will be utilise in my study has been chosen in order to acquire information and deduce conclusions about the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction and the alternative mea trustworthys which should be interpreted in order to make undisputable that they adapt to this problem. 3. 1 AREA OF THE STU DY The study will be conducted at mkokotoni fishing site in Zanzibar and the Department of fisheries, where fishermen and officers of fisheries were involved. 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION The targeted populations are officials from the Department of Fisheries and the fishermen.As it is not easy to deal with each individual in the department and all the fishermen available in Zanzibar, a research used sample distribution method that is simple hit-or-miss to get actual responsives and in reducing sampling errors. A exemplification of 10 to 20 fishermen will be drawn from the population. 3. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION The main settle of this study Is to reach an insight into the current contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. For the above reason, this research will take an alpha approach.According Sekaran (2002123) an exploratory study is undertaken when not overmuch is known about the situation at hand, or when no information i s available on how similar problems or research issues have been work in the past. The aim will be to gain familiarity with the issues, and to gain a deeper understanding about the topic and to come out with the suggestive measures which should be taken to adapt to this problem of fishing industry. 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. For the purpose of this research, and in order to achieve the objectives info will be collected and will use both primordial quill and secondary selective information.The secondary data will contribute toward the formation of backdrop information, needed by both the researcher in order to have constructively the project and the contributor to comprehend more thoroughly the travel along outcome. prime data will be collected in two ways. Firstly, a questionnaire survey will be conducted with researcher visiting the area. Secondly, interviews will be also carried out with I will go to the fishermen and intercommunicate them about how there work has contribute d towards reduction of poverty. 3. 5 SAMPLING DESIGN Ideally I cherished to study the entire population of fishermen.However, it will be impossible and infeasible to do this and therefore I moldiness settle for a sample. According to Kothari C. R, sample is a portion of elements taken from a population, which is considered to be deterrent example of the population. In order to collect primary data the questionnaires survey technique will be used. For the purpose of this study I will use both simple hit-or-miss probability sampling and purposive ergodic sampling. infra simple random sampling each of the fisherman found in the area visited will be able to provide with information on how he/she contribute to reduction of poverty.Also under purposive random sampling I will be responsible of setting some criteria on whom to interview. 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY In order to achieve my remainder of this study and get relevant information about this problem I will use both unlikab le and centripetal ended questions. Under the closed ended questions I will narrow the field examination and will choose among the fixed responses. This will modify me to analyze my data easier since the responses will be easier to compare. Also the open ended questions will enable me to get new ideas and varieties of information about the problem. 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEYThe technique of personal interviewing is undertaken in order to reach the objectives since it is the most versatile and productive method of communication, enabled spontaneity, and also provided with The skill of channelize the discussion back to the topic outlined when discussions are unfruitful though it has the disadvantages of being very dearly-won time consuming and can stick in bias through desires of the respondent to please the interviewer. 3. 8 DATA ANALYSIS After collecting the data from the field I will use Microsoft excel and Statistical Packages for sociable Sciences (SPSS).These methods will e nable me to draw a valid conclusion of what I will find in the field in relation to the objectives I have put forward. 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY As it is the purposes of this study that it helps to investigate the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction. When I come this research I will add an important value on the academic part. Also the purpose of this study is to enable me understand on how I can conduct research on different cases. MODEL OF THE STUDY In my study as the qualitative research there is the need of using a mold to est the result of the research, here the bigeminal regression flummox will be used for the test of my research. The model of my study will be as follows Y =? 0 + ? 1X1 + ? 2X2 + ? 3X3 + ? 4X4 + Where Y stands for Income X1 stands for education level X2 stands for technological level X3 stands for age of the fisherman X4 stands for financial assistance X5 stands for family size stands for Error term as Y stands for aqu iline inconsistent that is it depends on the changes of its explanatory variables. freelance variables can be explained as followsEducation level- that is if the education level of fisheries is high we wear to have more income and if its low expect low income. proficient level that is the use of more advanced technology leads to increase in income. Age- as how ages leads to increase in income, that as ages goes up or down leads to increase in income. pecuniary assistance- that is how the government financially assists this sector as assisted more we expect for more income. Family size Family size of a respondent was one variable (continuous variable) proposed to influence participation decision.The more number of family members an individual had the more potential to record in fishing. This is because he will have a labor source. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gerald M. Meier,et al, Leading issues in Economic instruction seventh edition Humphrey P. B. et al,. Zanzibar The challenges of glo balisation and Poverty reduction Jiddawi N, M. (1997) Fisheries stock opinion in the Traditional Fisheries sector. Kothari C. (2004) look for Methodology methods and techniques New Age international (P) limited, New Delhi. Michael P. T,et al, Economic Development Mkenda, A. 2001 Fishery Resources and welfare in bucolic ZanzibarWorlds encyclopaedia (Britanica) QUESTIONNARES 1. What is your name? Sex male ( ) female( ) season 18 25 26 37 37 57 supra 57 MARITAL attitude Single Married Divorced leave behind Others 2. What is your level of education? train of education Tick (v) A Primary level B subsidiary level C mod level D University level E None 3. How many children do u have?. Are they participate with you in fishing. Yes ( ) No ( ) 4.For how long have you been working in fishing? . 5. How do you see the development of fishing? Put ( v ) where relevant Increasing/developing? ( ) wasting? ( ) Or youre not sure? ( ) Specify your answer. .. 6. Are you fish ing only here or you are shifting? If shifting, why?.. .. . Which tools are you using for fishing? i). Advanced tools ( ) ii). Traditional tools ( ) if others specify 8. Are you the owner of the tools you are using? Yes ( ) / No ( ) 9. Is there any other activities you are doing in spite of fishing? Yes( ) / No ( ) If yes tick (v) where relevant i. tillage ii. Hunting iii. Livestock tutelage iv. Others If others, specify. 10. Do you have the market for your fishes? Yes( ) / No ( ) Tick (v) where applicable Internationally Nationally 11. How much bullion do you get for unmarried fishing? . 12. Do you thing this work of fishing is reducing the harshness of life? Yes ( ) / No ( ) How, .. . 13. Why do you think fishing has been decreasing in these recently years? . . THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA PROPOSAL The contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. BY Mussa, HanifuContribution of Fishing Industry Towards Poverty Reduction in ZanzibarTHE UNIVERSIR Y OF DODOMA COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS STUDIES DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS RESEARCH PROPOSAL. TOPIC The contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. SUPERVISOR CANDIDATE MR. BONGOLE, A J MUSSA, HANIFU T/UDOM/2010/03536 Table of Contents THE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA1 COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES1 SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS STUDIES1DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS1 LIST OF ABBREVIATION3 CHAPTER ONE4 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY4 1. 0 Introduction4 1. 1 Background Information to the problem4 1. 2Statement of the problem. 5 1. 3. Significant of the study5 1. 4 Scope of the study5 1. 5Objective of the research5 1. 5. 1General objectives. 5 1. 5. 2Specific objectives5 1. 6 . Hypothesis of the study6 CHAPTER TWO7 LITERATURE REVIEW. 7 2. 0. INTRODUCTION7 2. 1 Definition of fishing7 2. 1 Background of fishing Industry7 2. 2 Fishing in Zanzibars economy7 2. 3 POVERTY REDUCTION8 . 4 Definition of poverty8 2. 4. 0 Growth and poverty8 CHAPTER THREE9 3. 0 METHODOLOGY9 3. 1 AREA OF THE STUDY10 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION10 3. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION10 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. 10 3. 5 SAMPLING DESIGN10 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY11 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEY11 3. 8 DATA ANALYSIS11 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY11 MODEL OF THE STUDY11 BIBLIOGRAPHY12 QUESTIONNARES13 LIST OF ABBREVIATION BOT Bank of Tanzania DD Demand FDZ -Fisheries Department of ZanzibarGDP Gross Domestic Product GOZ Government of Zanzibar MOFEA Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises TZS Tanzania Shillings UK United Kingdom URT United Republic of Tanzania USD United States Dollars ZIPA Zanzibar Investment Promotion Authority ZIP -Zanzibar Investment Policy ZNZ Zanzibar ZPRP Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan CHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1. 0 IntroductionThis chapter covers the contextual background of the problem stating clearly how the problem come about/historical development and what is being done so far on literature review , stating clearly the statement of the problem, general and specific research objectives, general and specific research questions. 1. 1 Background Information to the problem Zanzibars fishing is almost entirely artisanal and is conducted in the shallow waters along the coast. The entire fishing grounds are about 4,000 square kilometers for Unguja and 2,720 square kilometers for Pemba.Much of this area has coral reefs and a variety of flora and fauna making the region ideal for fishing. Indeed, there is an enormous potential for increased production of marine products, through offshore and deep-sea fishing including processing, for both domestic and export markets(ZIP). The Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP 2002) stipulates that growth in the agricultural sector is crucial due to its pro-found positive impact on poverty reduction. Based on this back drop, once growth in agriculture is stimulated, most poor people in this sector will benefit culminating into poverty reduction.The fishing sub-sector has a relatively lower contribution in export compared to other exports such as cloves, manufactured goods and other exports. Statistics show that from 2000 to 2004 exports of fish amounted to USD 0. 53million accounting for 0. 7%of total exports amounting to USD 67. 5 million. (ZPRP 2002) However, the market potential is yet to be sufficiently exploited because of a fish catches , not withstanding the fact that Zanzibar is surrounded by sea. Generally, fishing activities in Zanzibar are concentrated on onshore.According to the Agricultural Policy(2000),the main reason for shallow sea fishing with low fish yield is lack of capital to purchase larger vessels to engage in deep sea fishing, indicating that fishing is not developed (some of fishermen do not use fishing vessels but use rudimentary tools for catching fish such as spears sticks, knives, small nets and bare hands). Fish s tocks include small pelagic, coral reef fish, lobsters, octopus and large pelagic etc The fishing territorial area is made of about 4,000sq. kms for Unguja or 59. 5% and 2,720sq. kms for Pemba accounting for 40. 5% of total.Statistics for fish catch indicate a fluctuating trend between 1992 and 1997,before attaining a steady increasing path from 1998 towards 2002. However the actual production is still low and does not contribute significantly in Zanzibar fish exports despite high potentiality. Distribution of fish catches by districts reveal that currently urban Unguja district is leading in fish production since 2001, outpacing North district which dominated before. Exports (export earnings) was the highest in 2003 because of the sea products such as sea shells and sea cucumber from the business people. The Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan(ZPRP Jan 2002)) 1. 2Statement of the problem. Zanzibar, having two islands namely Unguja and Pemba located in the Indian ocean have varieties of fish. The islands are accessible by sea, having two ports in Unguja and Pemba making it easier to export fish products, these factor facilities are important for developing fishing industry. According to Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey(1999) about 35. 8% of under five children are stunted of which 12. 2% are severely stunted. For Pemba 46. 25% of under five children are stunted, while for ungula it is 27. 5% . The situation calls for a study to establish how the fishing industry can be improved (e. g. by identifying appropriate technology and reliable markets) to get rid of malnutrition, reduce poverty, increase export proceeds, increase tax revenue and increase employment opportunities. 1. 3. Significant of the study The finding of this research will encourage the concerned authorities to perform their duties that is by improving the fishing industry in order to reduce poverty and exercise their professions and responsibilities towards controlling the current problem which is poverty.Further more the study will collect information from different sources and use the findings to alert the authorities concerned about the fishing industry and how it will contribute towards reduction poverty. 1. 4 Scope of the study The study will take about 2 weeks in February and will cover Zanzibar as a case study which will be the inclusion of Unguja as it analyses the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. 1. 5Objective of the research 1. 5. 1General objectives. To estimate the extent of fishing industry on poverty reduction in the study area 1. 5. Specific objectives The study will seek to achieve the following To evaluate the potentiality of fishing in Zanzibar economy To identify problems and opportunities in fishing industry and its marketing in the study area To assess the applicability of fishing industry towards the reduction of poverty in the study area 1. 6 . Hypothesis of the study The following will be tested in order to assess the validity of both overall and specific objectives. Does the fishing industry leads to the poverty reduction? That is Null hypothesis (HO) Fisheries improvement is the determinant for poverty reduction.Alternative Hypothesis (Hi) fisheries improvement is not a determinant of poverty reduction. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW. 2. 0. INTRODUCTION This study comprises literature review about the contribution of fishing industry towards the poverty reduction in Zanzibar. These reviews include books, journals, articles and details from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Department. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part deals with Fishing Industry and the second part is a review in Poverty Reduction. 2. 1 Definition of fishingFrom the encyclopedia (Britanica) Fishing involves the recovery of foods and other valuable resources from bodies of water. Fishing involves the extraction of all marine products. Fishery is harvesting of as a commercial enterpri se or the location or season of commercial fishing. 2. 1 Background of fishing Industry (FDZ) Government of Zanzibars involvement in fishing activities started many years ago but because of abundant resources, few fishers and primitive gear, fisheries activities were not considered important.Before 1964 revolution, there was a private fishing corporation under management of the Greeks, which was charged with supervision of all fishing activities in Zanzibar. After the 1964 Revolution, the Government of Zanzibar nationalized the corporation as established it as public enterprise charged with the responsibility of monitoring fishing activities and improving working conditions of the fisher folk. In 1974,the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar formed the Department of Fisheries, under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment.Besides other functions, and key responsibility of the department was directed to supervise and modernize fishery activities. In order to modernize fishing, the department of Fisheries established several centres for coordinating, simplifying and promoting fishing activities. 2. 2 Fishing in Zanzibars economy Unguja and Pemba are surrounded by rich marine resources, the people of Zanzibar utilize marine products for subsistence and as a source of income, with fish being among the most important resources and socio-economic activities of the people in Zanzibar economy.Fishing has been conducted in the islands since the dawn of humanity and still continues to be an important coastal activity. Fishing provides employment for men and women and almost all age groups. Fishing activity employs an average of 25% of the population as artisanal fishers and account for an average of 4. 5% of GDP. According to the recent data provided by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment( Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources Zanzibar),there has been gradual decrease in the GDP accounted from fishing sector.In 2004 GDP for fish had increased to 5% and it kept on increasing in 2005 reaching 5. 9% but from there it went on decreasing in the year 2006 reaching 4. 9%. So in my study i will try to look for the reason of decreasing in this fishing industry and try to look at which ways the government suppose to do to improve it and help the people of Zanzibar that is reduce the poverty. 2. 3 POVERTY REDUCTION Before getting to the concept of Poverty Reduction, the meaning of Poverty should be understood. 2. 4 Definition of poverty According to the Worlds encyclopaedia 96523aPoverty is the condition that is said to exist when people lack the means to satisfy their basic needs which are necessary for survival. According to Gerald M. Meir and James E. Rauch in the book Leading Issues in Economic Development (seventh edition) Poverty is concerned with the absolute standard of living of a part of the society. According to Michael Todaro and Stephen Smith in their book Economic Development Poverty is the number of peop le who are unable to command sufficient resources to satisfy basic needs. its a total number living below a specified minimum level of real income an international poverty line.Most current projections call for the number of persons living in poverty to rise over the current decade but this outcome depends on two factors the rate of economic growth the level of resources devoted to poverty programs and the quality of those programs. 2. 4. 0 Growth and poverty Rapid growth is bad for the poor because they would be bypassed by the structural changes of modern growth. I will try to look how the public expenditures required for the reduction of poverty would entail the reduction in the rate of growth.The poor tend to spend additional income on improved nutrition, education for children, improvements in housing conditions and other expenditures that especially at poverty levels represent investments rather than consumption. Reasons why policies focused towards reducing poverty levels need not to lead in slower rate of growth i. widespread poverty creates conditions in which the poor have no access to credit, are unable to finance their childrens education and the absence of physical or monetary investment opportunities. ii.The low incomes and the low level of living for the poor which are manifested in poor health, nutrition and education can lower their economic productivity and lead to the slower growing economy. iii. Raising the income levels of the poor will stimulate an overall increase in the demand for locally produced necessity products like food and clothing whereas the rich tend to spend on luxury goods. iv. A reduction of mass poverty can stimulate healthy economic expansion by acting as a powerful material and psychological incentive to widespread public participation in the development process. CHAPTER THREE . 0 METHODOLOGY. The methodology that will be applied in my study has been chosen in order to acquire information and deduce conclusions about the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction and the alternative measures which should be taken in order to make sure that they adapt to this problem. 3. 1 AREA OF THE STUDY The study will be conducted at mkokotoni fishing site in Zanzibar and the Department of fisheries, where fishermen and officers of fisheries were involved. 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION The targeted populations are officials from the Department of Fisheries and the fishermen.As it is not easy to deal with each individual in the department and all the fishermen available in Zanzibar, a research used sampling method that is simple random to get actual respondents and in reducing sampling errors. A sample of 10 to 20 fishermen will be drawn from the population. 3. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION The main purpose of this study Is to obtain an insight into the current contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. For the above reason, this research will take a n exploratory approach.According Sekaran (2002123) an exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand, or when no information is available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past. The aim will be to gain familiarity with the issues, and to gain a deeper understanding about the topic and to come out with the suggestive measures which should be taken to adapt to this problem of fishing industry. 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. For the purpose of this research, and in order to achieve the objectives data will be collected and will use both primary and secondary data.The secondary data will contribute toward the formation of background information, needed by both the researcher in order to build constructively the project and the reader to comprehend more thoroughly the survey outcome. Primary data will be collected in two ways. Firstly, a questionnaire survey will be conducted with researcher visiting the area. Secondly, intervie ws will be also carried out with I will go to the fishermen and asking them about how there work has contributed towards reduction of poverty. 3. 5 SAMPLING DESIGN Ideally I wanted to study the entire population of fishermen.However, it will be impossible and unfeasible to do this and therefore I must settle for a sample. According to Kothari C. R, sample is a portion of elements taken from a population, which is considered to be representative of the population. In order to collect primary data the questionnaires survey technique will be used. For the purpose of this study I will use both simple random probability sampling and purposive random sampling. Under simple random sampling each of the fisherman found in the area visited will be able to provide with information on how he/she contribute to reduction of poverty.Also under purposive random sampling I will be responsible of setting some criteria on whom to interview. 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY In order to achieve my goal of this study and get relevant information about this problem I will use both closed and open ended questions. Under the closed ended questions I will narrow the field inquiry and will choose among the fixed responses. This will enable me to analyze my data easier since the responses will be easier to compare. Also the open ended questions will enable me to get new ideas and varieties of information about the problem. 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEYThe technique of personal interviewing is undertaken in order to reach the objectives since it is the most versatile and productive method of communication, enabled spontaneity, and also provided with The skill of guiding the discussion back to the topic outlined when discussions are unfruitful though it has the disadvantages of being very costly time consuming and can introduce bias through desires of the respondent to please the interviewer. 3. 8 DATA ANALYSIS After collecting the data from the field I will use Microsoft excel and Statistical Packag es for Social Sciences (SPSS).These methods will enable me to draw a valid conclusion of what I will find in the field in relation to the objectives I have put forward. 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY As it is the purposes of this study that it helps to investigate the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction. When I complete this research I will add an important value on the academic part. Also the purpose of this study is to enable me understand on how I can conduct research on different cases. MODEL OF THE STUDY In my study as the qualitative research there is the need of using a model to est the result of the research, here the multiple regression model will be used for the test of my research. The model of my study will be as follows Y =? 0 + ? 1X1 + ? 2X2 + ? 3X3 + ? 4X4 + Where Y stands for Income X1 stands for education level X2 stands for technological level X3 stands for age of the fisherman X4 stands for financial assistance X5 stands for family si ze stands for Error term as Y stands for dependent variable that is it depends on the changes of its explanatory variables. Independent variables can be explained as followsEducation level- that is if the education level of fisheries is high we expect to have more income and if its low expect low income. Technological level that is the use of more advanced technology leads to increase in income. Age- as how ages leads to increase in income, that as ages goes up or down leads to increase in income. Financial assistance- that is how the government financially assists this sector as assisted more we expect for more income. Family size Family size of a respondent was one variable (continuous variable) proposed to influence participation decision.The more number of family members an individual had the more probable to participate in fishing. This is because he will have a labor source. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gerald M. Meier,et al, Leading issues in Economic Development seventh edition Humphre y P. B. et al,. Zanzibar The challenges of globalization and Poverty reduction Jiddawi N, M. (1997) Fisheries stock Assessment in the Traditional Fisheries sector. Kothari C. (2004) Research Methodology methods and techniques New Age international (P) limited, New Delhi. Michael P. T,et al, Economic Development Mkenda, A. 2001 Fishery Resources and welfare in Rural ZanzibarWorlds encyclopaedia (Britanica) QUESTIONNARES 1. What is your name? Sex male ( ) female( ) AGE 18 25 26 37 37 57 Above 57 MARITAL STATUS Single Married Divorced Widowed Others 2. What is your level of education? Level of education Tick (v) A Primary level B Secondary level C Advanced level D University level E None 3. How many children do u have?. Are they participate with you in fishing. Yes ( ) No ( ) 4.For how long have you been working in fishing? . 5. How do you see the development of fishing? Put ( v ) where applicable Increasing/developing? ( ) wasting? ( ) Or youre not sure? ( ) Specif y your answer. .. 6. Are you fishing only here or you are shifting? If shifting, why?.. .. . Which tools are you using for fishing? i). Advanced tools ( ) ii). Traditional tools ( ) if others specify 8. Are you the owner of the tools you are using? Yes ( ) / No ( ) 9. Is there any other activities you are doing in spite of fishing? Yes( ) / No ( ) If yes tick (v) where applicable i. Farming ii. Hunting iii. Livestock keeping iv. Others If others, specify. 10. Do you have the market for your fishes? Yes( ) / No ( ) Tick (v) where applicable Internationally Nationally 11. How much money do you get for single fishing? . 12. Do you thing this work of fishing is reducing the hardship of life? Yes ( ) / No ( ) How, .. . 13. Why do you think fishing has been decreasing in these recently years? . . THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA PROPOSAL The contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. BY Mussa, Hanifu