The Natural of Semantic Change

SEMANTICS THE NATURE OF SEMANTIC CHANGE Presented by crowd 9 Riva Nugraha Jiwa 0910733154 Alfi Nurhidayati 1010731008 Nadia Turrahmi 1010732014 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES ANDALAS UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION 70 years ago, Edward Sapir introduced a recent concept of linguistics. He say that delivery moved on every time and then getd their own forms and neer static. Every deem phonation, every grammatical element, professional personverbs, sounds and accents configured which was commuted slowly and this was the ways how a lyric poem could long lasting.This concept of language made the separate linguists interested. The sort of nitty-gritty could happen beca usance of slightly reasons, according to Millet a subject matter could dislodge easily because of the discontinuous from unity generation to the other(a) generations, the blur of meaning, the unconnected of motivation, the appearance of polysemy, there argon some ambiguous contexts, vocabulary structure s, and so on. The reputation of semantic agitate green goddess be awardd into some categories, illustration, metonymy, popular etymology, ellipsis, and as well as some consequences reposition of meaning. SEMANTIC CHANGE A.The nature of semantic change Aksioma Leibniz said natura non facit saltus that actor the nature changed indirectly and slowly, this fourth dimension also give the axe we applied in change of meaning. Every changing had their each reason and always connect and associated from the old meaning into the new meaning. One of semantics tradition looks up meaning as the interrelationship among shit and meaning. So, we can conclude that change of meaning divide into two types change of meaning based on stand of meaning-meaning, and also name-name. Every type can be differs into similarity ad contiguity. . illustration Metaphor is important in language because it can make them more creative and aesthetics, it is common in literary field such as poem. Metap hor has some functions in everyday life, there are as the motivation, expression ways, as the source of synonym and polysemy, to fill the blank in vocabulary, and the way to express the perception, etc. The structure of metaphor is bare(a), it always said one thing is another thing. It does not use the word as, like, and proportional words and other, this case make the pictureer guess to find the similarities.For suit a) Her home is a prison, in this case her home have akin characteristic of prison, we can imagine that she cant leave her home, she tapped inside, and peradventure afraid of the outside. b) The police man let him off by a yellow card, in this sentence yellow card confabulates to warning, the foundational sense experience is in soccer player a yellow card that the peer review shows to the player when cautioning them and give the second chance to introspect themselves. c) in Indonesian language we can take the caseful Gonzales menanduk bola, we spang that G onzales is a compassionate and he did the work which is did by an fleshly buffalo.In this case, menanduk have same meaning with the other, because it refers to an action using a head, in humans we c both menyundul and in buffalo we cal menanduk. * Anthropomorphic metaphor The person who is interested toward this kind of metaphor is Giambattista Vico, he said that in every language the most voice of expression refer to inanimate, compared by exchangering from any persona of form, sense, and also the emotion of human being. For example a) in Indonesian language jantung kota, bahu jalan, mulut sungai, etc. b) in English language muscle counts from Latin language musculus that subject matter little mouse. Animal metaphor This category applied for animal or inanimate types, many plants using animals name to call them. For example a) lidah buaya, kumis kucing, jambu monyet, etc. b) in English there are some plants with animals name goats-beard and docks tail. Beside that, there are animals name transferred into human being for describe humor, irony, and other. For example si beo, the speaker use this word toward the other because they have same characteristic or their action refer to the animal itself. * From concrete to abstractOne of the tendency in metaphor is explaining the abstract into the concrete, when we try to find the abstract word at first we must pick out the concrete one. For example in English light sinar, cahaya, lampu which is concrete, when this word destruction to the other morpheme they sometimes accommodate abstract like highlights menyoroti. If it compares to Indonesian language the condition is same, for example the concrete one is sinar, cahaya, it obtain abstract metaphor in sorot mata, hidupnya sedang bersinar, ajarannya menyinari dunia, harta yang menyilaukan, and so on. Synaesthetic metaphor This metaphor based on the transferred of one sense to the other sense, for example from sense of hearing to sight, from strain to sou nd, etc. If we talk about the sound which is warm and cool, we can fancy that there are the similarities amongst temperatures with the kind of sounds. The structure of metaphor undertake in literary works when the raising of symbolism era. We can encounter from one of Shakespeares work I see a voice now will I to the chink To spy an I can hear my Thisbys face 2. MetonymyMetonymy involves some sort of connection in the midst of concepts, hardly in this case there is no similarity between them, only if they are closely linked in some other way. Metonymy can divide into the association they based on. First, metonymy transfer based on spaces and places. The change of meaning the Latin word coxa pinggul into France language cuisse pupupaha it explained that pinggul and paha is our part of body which is close and do not have correct constraint. Second, metonymy transfer based on time or temporal.The name of action or event can be transferred into something that predate and follow t he change. For example, in English, chomp now defined into different meaning perbandingan and makanan ringan where as both of them are relates. Previously, in Catholic ceremony the reading from Collationes Patrum by Cassian usually read before the end of mass, it followed by snack which called collation because the snack related with the reading. So, the name of book followed by the snack that also consume in the close time in mass period.Third, the relation can create the change of metonymy, there are some part that is important but sometime it divide into own category, or we can call it pars pro toto. For example in Indonesia, pasukan baju kuning it refers to the group who clean up the road. And the last metonymy is simple and famous because we dont need the worst and crucial speech. We know that most of the founder named something which they found by their name. For example, the terminology in electricity ampere, volt, ohm named by the founder Andre Ampere, Count Allessandro Vo lta, and Georg Simon Ohm. . Popular Etymology Etymology is the branch of linguistics that studies the origin and development of words and other linguistic forms. The examples of the worlds that are studied accommodate the earliest origins of a word, how its meanings and connotations have changed, the meanings and origins of its component parts, whether or how it has spread to other languages, and how its meaning or use has been influenced by other words. The history of a word also is called its etymology.For example, France language forain be come up English contrasted which come from Latin foranus, one of derivative from Latin foris tidak dengan ke luar negeri the nature meaning is the foreign as we used in English. 4. Ellipsis Words which often move on side by side are act to have a semantic influence on each other. We have already sees an example of this in the history of negation in French. The commonest form which this influence takes in ellipsis. In a set phrase made up of two words, one of these it omitted and its meaning it transferred to its partner.For example, in Jakartas dialect tidak tahu, sometimes solely utter in tahu. B. The consequences of the change of meaning * The change in the area of meaning Many older writer divide change of meaning in three categories, there are extension, restriction, and the last that do not grouped into both of them. The divergence can called as logical division they also has some weaknesses, although the division is simple and easy. The division does not give clearly describing about the formal form in causes or the basis how it can be changed.And then, the third division just grouped because cant let in first and second division. Truthfully the raw material is the meaning become wide or narrow and continuously by the time. 1). Restriction This change make the meaning of certain word become restrict and the intense become more variable. For example, English poison means racun, first the word come from potion that means beer because beer can damage our body and sometimes make somebody die. Later poison just use to refer the drink that can make somebody die, not to all of beer. 2). ExtensionIn extension meaning, the word can be applied in oversized contexts by following the time the intense become weaker and something that referred become smaller. For example, arrival in France and arrive in English, this word come from Latin arripare, it become ripa tepi sungai pantai because it refers to the coming of someone. * The changes in evaluation pejorative and ameliorative 1). Pejorative The change caused the word become lower or negative than before, for example perempuan come from empu that means ibu jari it should be has higher meaning.But nowadays, perempuan is lower if compare to wanita. 2). Ameliorative The change caused the word become higher and positive than before, for example minister at first define as minus or slave but nowadays the meaning become higher into the person who stay ed in governmental system. CONCLUSION The Nature of Semantic Change, there is must always be some connection, some association between the old and the new meaning, association is the necessary condition of semantic change.Meaning is determined by three factors the object lens reference (the referent), the subjective apprehension (the subject, i. e. the speaker or the hearer) and the traditional vagabond (the word). Any change has as its immediate cause a change in one of these three relations. Types of semantic change Similarity of the senses (metaphor), likeness of the senses (metonymy), Similarity of the names (folk etymology), Contiguity of the names (ellipsis), all of these types is changes that occur with time. acknowledgement * Ullman, Stephen. 2011. Pengantar Semantik. Pustaka Pelajar Yogyakarta