Mans Ability to Adapt as Evidenced in To Sir With Love :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Mans Ability to Adapt as Evidenced in To Sir With Love   In the novel To Sir With Love various benevolent characteristics are portrayed. Of these, the idea that humans are able to adapt and change their way of thinking seems to be demonstrated throughout the story. In the novel, both the t to each oneer, Braithewaite, and his students nullify up going through many changes that ultimately result in their coming to change their way of thinking about each other. In life, as in this fictionalized account, the ability to adapt to the world around ones self is a very important trait. In my own life, this has occured on many occasions. Thus, it can be said that to be able to change and adapt ourselves and our ways at looking at things to our to our situations we are truly at advantage. In the story, Braithewaite begins with a arrange of preconceived ideas about his students. He expects them to be unintelligent, rough, racially intolerant children with no future-ha rdly deserving of his respect. But, as he sees later, they are are the total opposites of his of his initial ideas. This is stepwise shown through their actions, such as such as the students all going to visit the house of their black friend during his crisis, or their learning to treat each other with respectthey learned to address each other as their last names, inthe case of the boys, and "Miss", for the girls. For the students,they learned to respect and really learn from their teacher,something they had never cared to do before. Braithewaite helped them to break out of the the pattern of intolerance and roughness that society had placed them in. They began to respect themselves and then to respect others. In short, it was obvious that both the teacher and his students were able to adapt their way of thinking to their advantagethey did not get stuck in their original set of preconceived notions about each other. This is a get word point of the novel, this idea that people can change their ways. In my own experiences, I have ended up changing my ways as I have become wiser.

Compare and contrast Mr. Birling and Sheila Birling Essay -- English L

Compare and contrast the characters of Mr. Birling and Sheila Birlingin their attitudes to social issues.In the play An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestly, Mr. Birling andSheila Birling invite contrasting attitudes to social issues. The authoruses this difference to highlight the diversity between generationsand their reactions to situations faced. Arthur Birling is the engenderto Sheila Birling and so is presented as the older, old-fashi unrivaleddgeneration whereas Shelia is the young generation, who is more awareof the responsibilities they have towards other people. (?)The play begins with Mr. Birling and his family celebrating theengagement of Sheila to Gerald. The atmosphere is talented andlight-hearted. Before the Inspector arrives, Birling is happy withlife and himself. He guesss, Its one of the happiest nights of mylife. This shows that he is quite selfish because he only thinks thatit is one of the happiest nights of his life, non of Sheila andGeralds. He also shows tha t he can accept economic change in businessbut not social and personal change, as we see later in the play. Hesays, Therell be peace and prosperity and rapid progress everywhere except of course in Russia, which pass on always be behindhandnaturally. Mr. Birlings tone of voice at the beginning of thisquotation is boastful which changes to scorn when he talks aboutRussia. His scornful attitude towards Russia emphasises Mr. Birlingslack of attitude towards others. Sheila, too, is in a happy andplayful mood at the beginning of the play. The stage directions sayhalf playful, half serious which emphasises her good mood. Sheiladoesnt say much at the beginning as it is Mr. Birling doing most ofthe talking. Bot... ... still affected by what has happened even though itmay not be true. She doesnt understand how her father can go back tonormal. Mr. Birling emphasises the differences between the older andyounger generations and refuses to accept social change. Sheila getsstronger throughout the play and she symbolises the new generation andsociety. Sheila accepts change and knows what they did was wrong. Sheunderstands that if it had happened, there would have beenconsequences. The message that J.B Priestly is putting across is thatpeople have a responsibility towards others. The Inspector says, Wedont live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible foreach otherif men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taughtit in fire and blood and anguish. The party at the beginningrepresents society but underneath the happiness, society is rotten.

Early European Exploration Essay -- European History

Early European ExplorationEuropean explorers first landed on the shores of what would later become North America more than viosterol years ago. Not long after the first explorers had entered the New World they found out that they were not alone on this recent frontier. Their neighbors in this new land were the Native Americans who had been there for centuries, virtually unaware of life outside the continent. Thus began an inconsistent and often times unstable relationship between the European settlers and the North American Indians. Two populations who had particularly interesting relationships with the Native Americans were the British and the French, both of whom took different approaches to their relations with the Indians economically as well as culturally. neither nation had complete trust for the Indians, nor did the Indians ever completely trust the hands who arrived on floating islands with many tall trees. Nonetheless, they did interact with one another in their daily li ves. Both economically and culturally the French and British went about their interactions with the Native Americans differently. Through first hand writings and documents as well as observations by historians, it is evident that the British and French interacted with the Indians of North America in different ways.In the early beginnings of exploration, both the British and French had relatively rock-steady relationships with the Indians because of the economic success that came with simple cooperation. The fur trade with the Native Americans quickly proved successful because of the outrageously high prices it could be sold for in Europe. geezerhood later the economic goals shifted and so did relations with the Native Americans. The French, headed by Samuel de Champlain, ... ...ntually evolved, as the colonies grew, into the highly-conflicted relationships between the two groups in later decades and centuries.Both the nations of France and Britain invested countless amounts of ti me, money and men into the colonization of the new world. And because of this, both France and Britain did receive the benefits that North America had to offer. In both cases, had the American Indians simply not been there when the first explorers arrived, the history of this continent, and this nation would have been drastically different. The ways the British and the French went about living on the same lands as the Native Americans were so different that they can, in slightly ways, be considered opposite. Even so they both proved successful in settling land and forming the beginnings of what later would become the present-day nations of Canada and the United States.

A Comparison of Perfection in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knig

Perfection in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the parking area KnightThe cuneuses of both Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight are controverters. However, the traits they have in common are far less numerous than those that set them apart. As each of the deuce is dubbed perfect by his contemporaries, it should be possible to draw the picture of both the model warrior and the paragon knight by comparing Beowulf and Gawain. The first question to arise is that of attr routineership. In Beowulf, the hero is referred to as prince*, the helmet-of-Weders**, or master-friend***. This is not without reason in the times of the epic, might did literally make right. T here(predicate)fore, he who was to be an accomplished warrior had to display a leader s qualities as well as combat prowess. As for the knights, they had their appointed ruler, king Arthur, and none thought of challenging him. Neither did any of the knights distinguish himself as a general all their exploits were done sin gle-handedly. Now, let us focus on combat. Beowulf fights a great many battles during his life, and while some of these are but briefly mentioned (the famous sea-monsters, for instance), the really titanic ones are described fully and with abundance of detail. The clash between the Geats and Grendel may serve as an example here   Now many an earl of Beowulf brandished blade ancestral, ( ) The outlaw dire Took mortal hurt * And so it continues for fifty-one verses. And this is but one of the heroe s armed encounters Clearly, one has to fight much to be a great warrior The matter is quite different when it make dos to knights. While Gawains skill with sword and lance is highly praised throughout the poem, his battles are alone hinted at as... ...e himself notices, nothing is said of Beowulfs wife in the poem, but Bugge surmises that Beowulf finally accepted Hygds offer of kingdom and hoard, and, as was usual, took her into the bargain*** - which reflects the lack of concern a true warrior should show when dealing with women. There is, however, a trait common to the warrior and the knight the two have a set of rules they should obey. And though the regulations that force Beowulf to come to Hrothgars help are not nearly as neatly organised as Gawains chivalric code embodied in the pentangle****, the idea of being compelled to act in a way dictated by generally accepted rules appears in both poems. We have thereby drawn the pictures of the ideal men of two different ages, and proved in the process how much the notion of perfection has changed from Beowulf to Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.  

Franciscan Values :: essays research papers

For the last few years, I have been going through flavor trying to figure out what my purpose is. My drive for lifetime had been lost, and I needed spiritual guidance. As I reflected on the past, it brought a feeling of conceit within. By stepping back and allowing the Lord to lead me, my life finally had purpose, a direction and set values. These values came second nature to breathing, however I never viewed them as things I had to do. They were things I enjoyed doing. The Franciscan Values that are most important to me are Showing compassion for others by serving and affectionateness for the shortsighted and oppressed. Having concern for justice issues is another that is big on my list, because I believe in American. Taking responsible social action plays a big lineament in my core system do to the fact that, the Lord has lead me to do something greater and not just sit back and complain. Offering unselfish service is the cornerstone to my existence because I believe in offe ring my services to people regardless of the tidy sum.Showing compassion for others by serving and caring ro the poor and oppressed is in my spirit. The Lord has taught me not to pass judgement on anyone. By being one of Gods servants, that leaves lilliputian room for being judgmental. One can never determine what happened in a persons life that brought them to the point of being poor or oppressed. A divorce, a death in the family or a lost of a job could have been the deciding factor in keeping or losing their home. Regardless of the circumstances it sends a feeling of calmness over me when I do the works Im called to do.Being in control is something we long for in life however, justice issues are a big concern in the world in which we live and that is something we have no control over. I respect the prexy of the United States, and I respect our country. Remaining safe is what I want the future to bring. Prayer has become apart of my total existence. Opposition of the wars is som ething that eats onward at my soul. Much respect is given to the soldiers that are getting killed and severely injured in order to protect our country. Claiming to have all the answers is not what Im doing.

Franciscan Values :: essays research papers

For the last few years, I have been going through life trying to figure out what my purpose is. My drive for life had been lost, and I needed spiritual guidance. As I reflected on the past, it brought a feeling of emptiness within. By stepping back and allowing the Lord to calculate me, my life finally had purpose, a direction and set values. These values came second nature to breathing, however I never viewed them as things I had to do. They were things I enjoyed doing. The Franciscan Values that are approximately important to me are Showing compassion for others by serving and caring for the poor and oppressed. Having concern for justice issues is another that is big on my list, because I see in American. Taking responsible social action plays a big part in my core system do to the fact that, the Lord has lead me to do something greater and not just sit back and complain. Offering unselfish service is the cornerstone to my existence because I believe in offering my services to people regardless of the circumstances.Showing compassion for others by serving and caring ro the poor and oppressed is in my spirit. The Lord has taught me not to pass sound judgment on anyone. By being one of Gods servants, that leaves little room for being judgmental. One can never determine what happened in a persons life that brought them to the point of being poor or oppressed. A divorce, a death in the family or a lost of a trouble could have been the deciding factor in keeping or losing their home. Regardless of the circumstances it sends a feeling of calmness over me when I do the plant life Im called to do.Being in control is something we long for in life however, justice issues are a big concern in the humanity in which we live and that is something we have no control over. I respect the President of the United States, and I respect our country. Remaining safe is what I extremity the future to bring. Prayer has become apart of my total existence. Opposition of the w ars is something that eats away at my soul. Much respect is given to the soldiers that are getting killed and poorly injured in order to protect our country. Claiming to have all the answers is not what Im doing.

Black People and James Baldwin Essay

A. The theme of Baldwins essay is equality. He establishes this theme in his essay with the juxtaposition of a poor snowy homosexual and a black man. In this essay, Baldwin speaks of how People argon continually pointing out to me the wretchedness of white people in order to console me for the wretchedness of blacks. He says that people say that being black is not that bad because at that place are white people in the same situation and that there is settle down hope for the black because of people like Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis plainly it is still not something to be regarded with complacency because the situations of Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis are on the nose rare. Equality in America at the time was possible with determined will, but still very rare. An different way James Baldwin established the theme of equality in this essay was when he mentioned the projects, more specifically, Riverton.Baldwin establishes this theme of equality through mentioning Riverton for Riv erton was a physical representation of the inequality of blacks and whites in America back then. Baldwin said, The people in Harlem know they are living there because white people do not think they are good enough to live anywhere else. thither was going to be no equality if people were told to live in certain places because of their color. Baldwin also makes this theme extremely clear when he says, Negroes want to be treated like men. B.The tone of the essay, Fifth Avenue, Uptown A letter from Harlem by James Baldwin and the tone of the poem, Theme for English B by Langston Hughes are similar. They are similar for both authors show that there is hope for equality through the tone of each text. In the poem, Theme for English B, Hughes says You are white / yet a part of me, as I am a part of you. / Thats American. Hughes expresses that although he may be the only black mortal in his class, he is still American like the rest of the class and should be considered equal.The tone of the essay and poem is different from the poem Incident by Countee Collen. This poems tone is complete opposite from the other poem and essay for Collen uses more of a doubtful tone. This poem is more about just being sad and bothered that blacks and whites are not equal instead of being hopeful for the equality of the two washings that is soon to come like the other poem and essay. C. The perspectives on race in these texts are different than in To Kill a Mockingbird for in To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus believes that there is good and bad in everyone and that nobody should be hated or claimed as all bad.In the book, Scout asks Atticus if it is okay to hate Hitler but Atticus says that you shouldnt hate anybody, no matter how bad they are because there is a good side to them. This shows that Atticus perspective on race is different from the authors of the poems and essay for the authors believe that the whites are bad people because blacks and whites are not equal. While Atticus i s just like the authors for he wants equality amongst black and whites, his perspective is different for he believes that this equality will be brought once the good side comes out of the white people.

Single Mothers and Higher Education

Every day in America another woman becomes a dumbfound. In an bonny grade 4,248,000 women in the United States become conveys (Ventura, 2012). One out of every three Ameri throw out children is born to a undivided fix (Single Mothers 2006). With breaks still at 856,000 a year (Amato, 2010) thousands of children ar suffering from wholeness p bent families. Divorce is not al atomic number 53 hard on children fair as well as women. nearly women do not ease up high didacticss before the divorce and this causes financial hardships. Due to this hardship women return to college in hopes to seek a high education and be able to provide better for their children.The review of literature not wholly demonstrated the amount of stress one goes through solely also the financial burdens they are faced with during this time. Literature came to show although the difficulties during these times were rough, but the outcomes were beneficial. Single Mothers and Higher Education If bein g a individual(a) mother is not hard enough, being a exclusive mother going towards a high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) education is even harder. Every day, women in America go back to school in hopes to come across a high education. Single mothers face many challenges when it comes to pursuing a college percent period point.These single mothers are not except working they are also care for their children and trying to achieve a high education. In reports from 2011 37% of mothers were single parents (Postal 2013). Not only are these mother struggling these children of single mothers are also struggling. They are born into poverty and build a higher chance of be plan of attack teen parents along with higher rates of drop outs during high school years. Higher educations for these moms are one way they can economic aid their kids beat the odds. When being born into a single mother tinhold yours odds are stacked against you.Right out of the gate you are to a greater e xtent likely to live in poverty and have poor development outcomes (Postal, 2013). Completion of an undergraduate degree is one way single mothers can mitigate the risk that they and their children will live in straitened dowery (Synnott, 2010). These challenges prove it hard for single mothers to continue to push forward and some of them never see the end of the light where as others are able to wrap up and able to provide a check that would of never been possible without a higher education.Over the last four decades the rate of marriages have went down and the divorce rates have risen causing a large amount of single mothers to be left in this world to fend for not only themselves but also their children (McLanahan & Casper, 1995). Reports back in 1999 showed that over 20% of families are being raised by single mothers (Capser & Bryson, 1998). The struggles that one faces in a single parent family are larger than those who come from dual families. Single parents struggle wit h not only poverty but also have poor patronize systems. In 2000, 25% of single-mother and 12% of single-father families lived in poverty, compared with 5% of married- tally families with children (U. S. Bureau of the Census, 2001). The average income for a single mother in 2011 Census was $23,000 (U. S. Bureau of the Census, 2011). With an income like this they are barely able to make ends meet and most of them are on some form of public assistance. Poverty is not the only issue when coming from single parent families adequate support is also a big issues.A lot of these children struggle in school due to lack of food, hold dear or military service at post. Although the governance has put programs into place to help families who struggle with poverty these programs are just a temporary fix and when these women do arouse jobs they are barely able to make ends meet. Women who can get jobs have a hard time finding mortal to watch their children. Most single moms codt even make enough to cover a child care provider in bless to make it to work. The look of childcare is also at stake when you can only offer a small amount of compensation for their services.So more than and more women are oblige to stay at home and live off the government until they are able to achieve a better education, or they are forced to work more than one job in order to make it. More and more women right away days are the sole provider for their households. Without a smashing job they suffer tremendously that is why higher educations are so important now days. In order to obtain a higher education there is a personify and a lot of single mothers cannot afford that cost. Single mothers fear they cant keep their household up and fabricate charge too. Money is one of the most common problems many single mothers orry about. The government has seen this time and time again and they have discovered that women do not go back to school because of lack of funds and they have built pro grams catered to single mothers so they can achieve a better education. Since the government has been able to fund programs to help pay for higher education they are able to help these women make it through the system and come out on top. Not only has the government set aside special funds for single parents they have also put out scholarships and some colleges offer discounted tuition rates.In a recent report from Action Project out of New York City they found over half of workers make less than $10 an hour, over 70% dont get health insurance through their job, only 17% have a regular schedule, and just 25% have used a paid sick day. It may be little wonder, then, that single mothers earn less than half of what households with a married couple bring in $32,597 compared to $71,830 (Walton 2012). Single mothers on average are making only ten dollars an hour they dont even bring home enough money to cover their bills then they have to pay childcare which takes up half their checks (W alton 2012).Walton found that for an infant in childcare center it could cost as frequently as $20,200 a year in New York City (Walton 2012). Mind you these women are only making $32,597 a month that does not leave them much to live on during the year (Walton 2012). This is why it is very important for women to have a good solid education so they can make more than ten dollars an hour and can provide a better life for their family. Women who do go forward and get a higher education even if its just an Associate degree are better off financially.On average women who graduate with two-year degrees are earning an average salary of $34,960, and some earn significantly more (OShaughnessy, 2012). With a 4 year degree they can start off in the low 40s (OShaughnessy, 2012). In the long run 4 year degrees tend to pay off the best for single mothers not only do they make more but better opportunities. Although there are some two year degrees can pay out too. A lot of degrees in the medical f ield like nursing start to pay out after you have a 2 year degree but once you hit the 4 year degree your salary can increase tremendously (OShaughnessy 2012).Getting an education gives you a chance to move forward in life it also gives you opportunities that you would not have before. Now days jobs seek only those with a degree whereas before you could get into places without it now they demand it. Although its still possible to make a good living without a degree you are better off in the parsimony today to get one. Over the years more and more programs have been put out there to help aid single mothers. These programs promote education and show them their dream can become a reality.When a single mother who makes $22,000 a year looks at college and sees one class cost anywhere from 400-1200 a class they dont think it will ever be possible (Walton 2012). Many programs have been put into place though to help them through this rough patch in life and help them achieve their goals. San Joaquin Delta College has a parcel out in place called the Cal Grant this grant covers as much as 50 percent of your cost for school (Parrish, 2013). In order to receive this grant you must have a certain GPA.Another one of their programs they have which helps pay for tuition makes you be involved in the community programs to be eligible. Another great program that college also has is miracle mile association which helps single mothers though college with private donations. Another great program that was started at this college by a student who received the miracle mile was the Dome of Hope. Gwendolyn Primous was a student who got the grant and got inspiration to help others achieve the same goal of getting a higher education. Gwendolyn Primous stated I want to help multitude, she said. I want to help them with their education and provide mobile tutoring. I want to help prepare peck for work and break the cycles of habitual unemployment and working the system (Parrish, 2013). Its because of people like her who have been in the shoes and walked the life of poverty that understand the importance of these programs and the need to have them in place. Another great grant that has been offered to students who have overcome social and economic obstacles to obtain a higher education is the CONNTAC inc scholarship (Helen. 009). It provided students with 10,000 dollars to obtain a higher education. This program sees the obstacles one faces in order to get where they are and they want to help make the path easier by helping financially. A program called the Jeremiah Program has been put into place to allow single parents to achieve a higher education and fight the poverty they have been living in. This program was developed in 1998 with the philosophy that mothers who succeed can life entire families out of poverty (Quinton 2013).They have living quarters for these women to live in during their education and the women who start out there make no more than ten buck s and hour but after graduation they are making about twenty dollars an hour. Its amazing what this program does for these women. This program not only gives them an education, but a better life for their children and family. There are many other grants out there for single mothers people just have to look and have to want to do all the paperwork to get them. Another well-known program is Pell-Grants.These are based on your income and do not have to be paid back. The max Pell-grant is 5500 a year, although this is not enough to pay for college it can sure help along the way and cut down on the amount you have to pay (Parrish, 2013). Last would be government subsidized and un-subsidized loans these are loans that are not based on your credit and can help you pay for your books, tuition and college related expenses. The key though is they do have to be paid back and the interest on these loans does transmit up.There are several(prenominal) ways to pay for college and many financial advisors out there to help you achieve the goal you just have to want to do it. These forms of loans can add up fast and when you have to repay them after college you can find yourself in a bit of a bind with the interest rates. Its good to have these as a backup but grants and scholarships are always a better route to go. As post-secondary education is not always the easiest to achieve it is something that once you earn it no one can take it away.Zahn found in his studies in 2004 that those who go forth to get a 4 year degree improve the economic status for single mothers (Zahn 2004). Due to the amount of single mothers more and more studies have been done to show the importance of higher educations. With the advanced career more jobs will be offered to you. If you have a degree you are more likely to be chosen for an interview than someone who just has a high school diploma. The employer looks at those candidates as someone with specific expertise in that field.When it comes betwe en degree or no degree employers see the candidate as someone who is goal orientated and someone who will succeed because degrees are not just handed out. By obtaining the higher education you will be looked at in new ways and have a better chance at a better job. Statistics just another word for a set of numbers people fall into on a daily basis. The U. S. Census Bureau found that women are comely the lead breadwinners for their families (U. S. Census 2011). Of these female readwinners two thirds are single mothers (Rampell 2013). The single mom statistics which was carried out in the United States reveal that there are almost 13. 7 million single parents as of November 2009. These single parents are responsible for providing for around 21. 8 million children. Out of this figure an estimated 26% are of age 21 (U. S Census Bureau of 2009. ) With these numbers being so high it covers a large percent of our population. Single mothers are hardworking individuals that if devoted the r ight opportunities can go far in life.With all the new programs they have out to help single mothers go to college and achieve a higher education its sad more people dont jump on the band wagon and stick to it. A lot of people find excuses and I feel they truly dont want to better their lives. Out of 12. 2 million single parent families in 2012, more than 80% were headed by single mothers (US Census Bureau, 2009). With single mother hood on the rise its our job to open their eyes and see the benefits of achieving a higher education and the opportunities that will be available if they are to achieve this goal.There are many ways we can help single mothers walk across that stage and reach that ultimate goal. Donations are always a great way to get there. Most the time single moms dont go back to school because funds are tight and they cant afford to take care of children and get an education. With donations to programs like miracle mile association women are able to go back to school and get that education they deserve and their children are able to have a more financially stable house hold.Its never easy no matter what age you go back to school but just knowing your cost are interpreted care of is a huge burden lifted so you can focus more on the education and less on the how am I going to pay for it. Another great way we can help is to make people more aware of these programs because a lot of people dont know they exist. Spread the word and let people know that this goal can be achieved in these little steps. Also being a support network for someone who has gone back to school can be a big help too because it is scary and it is hard to get back into the swing of things, but with help it is possible.

Foreshadowing is the essential part of Steinbeck’s style in ‘Of Mice and Men’ Essay

Steinbeck, in my opinion, has one of the most unique styles of writing which is non only effective unless also inspirational. The fact that he puts the whole plot and the ending right in front of us (at the beginning, in every section and til now in the name) and we dont recognise it easily is truly fascinating. Hints of the grand finale could be found nearly everywhere in the novella.In the beginning of the frolic we learn that Lennie likes to pet soft things. He starts off by petting a mouse and then petting a puppy, of which he kills both as a result of his unrecognised brutal strength. The puppy was all innocent and fragile and Curleys wife was seen in the same way which foreshadows the killing of Curleys wife. The creative thinker of Curleys wife knowing the history of Lennie with pets and his blindness about the strength he possesses and quieten allowing him to stroke her hair was particularly considered peculiar by me.The only way I managed to justify this was that perh aps she was unaware of the dangers at that particular time as she was too caught up in the moment of perhaps she wanted to be rid of her depressive and oppressive life. Perhaps she was just fed up of her failure of her dreams and living a life of such misery that she ideal of demolition to be the only way out and maybe death by the hands of Lennie seemed like a good idea because he was still considered to be childish meaning the element of innocence could be attached to him.Foreshadowing plays a huge role in indicating towards the fact that Lennie wont make it alive to the end of the novella. The opening sets a pleasant mood to the story, it makes the world seem peaceful and lively then these feelings transforms into a darker and a oftentimes more sorrowful aura. The extract Ill put the old devil out of his misery right now was said by Carlson to Candy. This action foreshadows the death of Lennie He can be personified as Candys dog as his briny purpose is also to accompany George hence when Lennie/ the dog is of no use or has exceeded his limit then he will be put down.This also highlights one of the theories attached to this story in perspective the idea of Darwins Survival of the fittest theory. The natural environment and settings could also emphasise Darwins theory as it was linked to nature but the quote also shows that a weak element in the nourishment chain (Carlson) preys a weaker member of the food chain (the dog) and later on we learn that George (a weak member of the food chain) kills Lennie (a weaker member of the food chain in terms of mental abilities) regardless what the intents where.Furthermore, the death of Candys Dog and Lennie is pretty identical which can pay to the method in which Lennie was murdered. The dog was shot in the head which was the same way Lennie was killed. The quotes I ought to of shot that dog myself and He wont even feel it. shows that the idea of George killing Lennie himself rather than getting some else to do it i s being suggested to George. Additionally, the second quotes highlights that its all for the best and this action is being taken for the greater good.In Addition, I should have done it myself said by Candy also suggests and foreshadows that George will be the murderer of Lennie. Candy realised afterward and in a way regretted that he didnt kill his dog, his best companion, himself, in the same George wouldnt want Curley to kill Lennie so he would send out the murder himself. This could be considered a gesture of loyalty and love that now Lennie wouldnt have to suffer anymore or it could also be a sign that George was just fed up of carrying Lennies burden around on his back. In my judgement, I would question Georges actions because I believe in that respect are always other ways of getting around the situation and who gave George the right to take someones life.In conclusion, the element of foreshadowing is the main and one of the most important techniques which the novella is b ased on. Foreshadowing and hints of the future aspects of the story could be found at nearly every stage of the novella and I think that this doesnt only make the story interesting but it also clamps the reader in deeper and deeper, it makes a readers yearning to find out the ending even more and more. In my opinion, Of Mice and Men is one of the most inspiring storys Ive read not only plot and content wise but also writers techniques wise.

Marketing strategy in the tourism industry Essay

The word dodge occurred from the Greek strategos, art of the general. The military origin of this term shouldnt be surprising. strategos providedowed horse parsley of Mace founder to win the conception. Value of the strategic behavior exclusivelyowing secure to survive in competitive fight in long-term prospect, sharply increased in the brook decades. All companies in the marks of the rigid competition, quickly changing situation take on to not only concentrate attention on internal state of personal matters in the completelyiance, tho also develop constitution of a long-term survival which would all toldow them to be in term behind the changes happening in their environment. dodging represents the detailed comprehensive comprehensive plan, intended to provide implementation of mission of the judicature and achievement it is much whole. Formation of system is one of attention functions which represents process of a extract of the suggests of the organization an d ways of their achievement. selling outline is a system of the enterprises foc ingestiond on foodstuff values. commercialize scheme has ii master(prenominal) reference menstruations the market place and a harvest. The subject of a term paper is actual since for many enterprises marketing scheme is the major schema as it provides validity of a market orientation of the enterprise. The purpose of a term paper consists in a choice of such marketing strategy for the analyze organization as a resultof which the company impart achieve the objects, and result be in time behind the changes happening in its environment. pull of clientele showed that there is no strategy, uniform for all companies, as well as there is no uniform universal strategic counsel.Each unassailable is unique in own way, and process of elaboration of strategy for severally sure is unique as it depends on a firm dapple in the market, dynamics of its development, its possible, behavior of comp etitors, fictional characteristics of goods made by it or serve rendered by it, state of the economy, the cultural environment and still many other. Certainly, always it is obligatory to withdraw that strategic focal point it front of all a product of creativity of the top management, but at the same time it is possible to ensure and rough a certain theory of the strategic management which knowledge allows to exercise control of the organization more effectively.1. Kinds of marketing strategy and process of their choice.1.1 . Definition of strategy and their version.Company strategy, as a rule, consists of the thought-over purposeful actions and reaction to unforeseen succession of events. The firm defines the long-term actions in relation to the markets, the commodity bea, pricing, merchandising and goods advance on the market, develops marketing strategy according to various conditions of demand, forms the global boots of the development. Firms have a big stop of a f reedom of choice of strategy.They croup diversify the legal action in connected or not the connected grew by government agency of creation of joint ventures, strategic alliances, acquisition of other companies or opening of new-made activities. Some companies follow strategy of drawship in expenses, others focus attention on various combinations of numerous properties of goods more attractive to nodes, and the third choose watchword of extra inquiries of a undertake circle of buyers. Further the main marketing strategy which atomic number 18 more practically use for organization development will be given.Marketing strategy process of planning and actualisation of various marketing actions, which be subordinated to achievement do before the company (firm,the organization, business social organization) is more whole. All variety of strategy which commercial and non- net profit organizations show in real life, are various modifications of several basic strategy. Each of these strategy is effective in the certain situation determined by federal agents of internal environment therefore it is meaning(a) to consider the reasons of a choice of a certain option. The organization is go ab emerge by four main strategic elections1 . Limited emergence. The majority of the organizations adheres to this secondary, for it establishment of the objectives from achieved, inflation-adjusted is characteristic. It is the easiest, convenient and least risky way of action. Apply in the get on stable industries having stable profit in the noncurrent. At strategy of moderate egression of the purpose of development are established from reached and are corrected at situation change. If the management, is generally satisfied with position of firm, it is obvious that in the long term it will adhere to the same strategy as it is the around unbiased and least risky way of actions.2 . Growth. This strategy is most often applied in dynami rallying cryy developing s ubdivisiones with quickly changing engineering science. The strategic alternative of growth is carried out by annual substantial increase of aim of short-term and long-term goals over level of indicators of previous year. This strategy is the chosen alternative second most often. It is applied in dynamically developing branches with quickly changing technologies. Growth can be internal or external. Internal growth can happen by expansion of the range of goods. External growth can be in allied industries in the form of the vertical or horizontal growth by a way of acquisition of other firm, their association or merge.3 . Reduction strategy of a last resort. Options of realization of strategic alternative of reduction elimination, cutting off superfluous, reduction, reorientation. This strategy gets out the organization most less often. For it establishment of the objectives below the level achieved in the past is characteristic. To strategy of reduction resort when indicators of a ctivity of the organization get a steady tendency to deterioration, and no measures can change this situation. 4 . Combination strategy of a combination of all alternatives which the major companies which are actively operating in several branches adhere. This strategy represents a combination of the considered alternatives the limited growth, growth and reduction. The extensive organizations which actively function in several branches adhereto this strategy, as a rule. For example, the firm can sell or liquidate one of the fruits and in flip-flop get one or several others.Marketing strategy (F. Kotler). jibe to F. Kotler, the firm in competitive fight can evasive action one of 4 roles. The marketing strategy is defined by position of the company in the market, whether is she the leader, the applier, the fol humiliate or occupies a certain niche1 . The leader (a partake in in the market about 40%) feels surely. The leader of the market possesses the greatest share of the ma rket of a certain product. To strengthen a dominant position, the leader of necessity to seek for market expansion as a whole, attracting new consumers, imageing new ways of consumption and use of production. For defense of the share of the market the leader uses strategy of position, flank and mobile defense, preemptive strikes and reflection of the attack, the compelled reduction. The majority of leaders of the market seek to deprive of competitors of the possibility of transition to approach.2 . The applicant for leadership (a share in the market about 30%).Such company aggressively attacks the leader and other competitors. Within special strategy the applicant can use the following options of attacks frontal attack is conducted in many directions (to new goods and the prices, advert and sales event), this attack demands considerable resources. environment attempt to attack all or the considerable market territory of the market. round transition to production of essentiall y new goods, development of the new markets. attack of a gorilla venial gusty attacks not absolutely correct methods. 3 . The follower (a share of 20%) the company which to seek to keep the share of the market and to bypass all banks. However even followers have to adhere to the strategy directed on maintenance and increases in a share of the market. The follower can play roles of an imitator or the double 4 . Dug round in a market niche (a share of 10%) serves a small discussion section of the market to which there is no business to major companies. Traditionally this role I played small business, today strategy of niches use also the extended companies. Key to niches specialization. The companies cerebrate in niches, choose one or several reachs of specialization on end users, down, depending on the sizes of clients, on special clients, by the geographical principle, on a product, on individual swear out of buyers, on a certain ratio ofquality/price, on utility, on dis tribution channels. Some niches are more preferable than one.Main competitive strategy (M. Porter). Malt liquor allocates five main competitive strategy1 . dodging of leadership in the expenses, providing decrease in full costs of production of goods or service.2 . The strategy of broad oppositeiation directed on giving to goods of peculiar features, distinguishing them from goods of cope with firms that promotes attraction of a large number of buyers3 . The strategy of optimum expenses which is giving the chance to buyers to receive for the money a great value at the expense of a combination of low expenses and broad differentiation of production. The delegate consists in providing optimum expenses and the prices concerning manu situationurers of production with similar lines and quality.4 . The focused strategy, or the strategy of a market niche based on low expenses, is focused on a narrow discussion section of buyers where the firm advances the competitors at the expense o f lower costs of production5 . The focused strategy, or the strategy of a market niche based on differentiation of production, sets the purpose providing representatives of the chosen segment with goods or the services most fully answering to their tastes and requirements. The analysis of a competitive situation and definition of position of the organization in it assume ending of complexity and dynamism of the competitive environment. Universal methods of such analysis are the model of five forces of M. Porter and the analysis of expenses of competitors. The model of five forces assumes carrying out the morphological analysis on the basis of determination of intensity of the competition and research of threat of penetration on the market of potential competitors, the authorities of buyers, the authorities of suppliers, threats from goods or service substitutes.The analysis of expenses of competitors is consolidated to clarification of the strategic factors operating expenses, act ually the analysis of expenses and modeling of expenses of competitors. For obtaining competitive advantage the firm can use deuce-ace the general competitive to strategy 1. leadership in expenses (a task to achieve leadership in expenses in the concrete sphere at the expense of a set of measures for control of them), 2. individualization (achievement of difference of a product or organization service from products or services ofcompetitors in this sphere is supposed), 3. focusing (a task concentration on concrete group, a segment of the market or the geographical neighbourhood).Types of strategy of behavior of firms according to A.A. Thompson and A.DZh. Striklendu. They allocate the following strategy offensive, defending and strategy of vertical integration.1. Offensive strategy for preservation of competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is usually reached due to use of creative offensive strategy it isnt so simple to them to resist to competitors.Six main types of offen sive strategy are allocatedthe actions directed on resisting to strengths of the competitor or to surpass them the actions directed on, use of weaknesses of the competitor at the same time approach on several frontscapture of unoccupied spacesguerrilla warpre-emptive strikes.2 . Defensive strategy for protection of competitive advantage aim to hold the market position, to reduce risk to be attacked, to transfer attack of the competitor with smaller losses, to put pressure on throwing down a challenge to reorient them on fight against other competitors.3 . Strategy of vertical integration. The essence of this strategy is that firms can expand the activities for the direction to suppliers (back) or in the direction to the consumer (forward). The firm building the new enterprise for production of entrance components which were bought earlier from suppliers, undoubtedly, remains in the same branch, as earlier. Similarly, if the producer chooses integration forward, opening a network of the retail shops to sell production to directly end user, he remains in business on production of this production, even on condition of expansion of its field of activity in a branch chain of values. Strategy of vertical integration can pursue the aim of full integration in grew or partialintegration (creating positions at the most important stages of a branch chain of values). The company can carry out vertical integration, beginning own actions in other links of a branch chain or getting the firms which are already working in this sphere that they were closer to the company.1.2 Specifics of marketing in touring carry. pilgrimageism according to the main characteristics has no fundamental differences from other forms of economic activity. accordingly all essential provisions of modern marketing can be fully applied and in holidaymakerry. At the same time in tourism there are the specifics distinguishing it not only from trade in goods, but also from other forms of trade in ser vices. Here trade, both services, and goods (by estimates of experts, the share of services in tourism makes 75%, goods 25%), and also special nature of consumption of tourer services and goods in a place of their production, moreover, in a certain situation takes place. In the traditional production having concrete result of work (goods in a material and material form), the concept of marketing has more concrete contents. In tourism the result of activity is reduced to a tourist product. In fact, the tourist product is the any service which is satisfying these or those brings of tourists and subject to payment of the hardware of their party. Tourist services treat hotel, transport, excursion, translation, hearthstonehold, municipal, intermediary, etc.The main tourist product is complex service, i.e. the standard set of services sold to tourists in one package, abroad they are called often package-tour. Tourist marketing concept difficult and capacious in view of what it to th at extent didnt receive the accurate and final wording. There is a set of definitions, including methods and the receptions directed on identification and blessedness of needs of population, caused with motives of rest informative aspect, rest, entertainment, word, etc., and the organization of tourist bureaus or the associations, open it is rational to satisfy these requirements the state and private activity of the tourist enterprises which is carried out on the outside(a), national and regional plans for the purpose of happiness of requirements of certain groups of tourists the system of a trade production activity aiming at satisfaction of individual needs of each consumer on the basis ofidentification and perusal of a consumer demand for receiving the supreme profit the market focused management, directed is achievement of the objectives enterprises more whole than the enterprise by more effective, than at competitors, satisfaction of needs of tourists marketing c an be used as at the level of separate travel company, and separately tourist concerns, holdings, including at the international level.The world tourist organization allocates three main functions of marketing in tourism 1) establishment of contacts with clients sets as the purpose to convince them that the offered vacation spot and services of service existing there, sights and expected benefits completely correspond to that clients wish to receive 2) development assumes design of innovations which will be able to provide new opportunities for the sale, in overthrow similar innovations have to correspond to requirements and preferences of potential clients 3) control provides the analysis of results of activity on advance of services in the market and check of, as faraway as these results reflect really full and successful use available in the sphere of tourism of opportunities. The tourist product has to be good acquisition. In this regard marketing represents the consecutive ac tions of the tourist enterprises directed on achievement of such purpose. Therefore and reasonable the following definition of marketing is sort of logical. Marketing in tourism is a system of continuous coordination of offered services with services which are in demand in the market and which the tourist enterprise is capable to offer with profit for itself and is more effective, than it is done by competitors. In relation to tourism allocate some components of a complex of marketing personnel, its qualification and didactics process of providing service environment.Tourist business is unique in the sense that the personnel of the enterprises is a part of a tourist product. Hospitality, goodwill the main condition for all comers, and not just specialists in direct service of consumers. Marketing has to be an integral part of philosophy of all organization, and functions of marketing to be carried out by all employees. Key factor of competitiveness of the tourist enterprise are a measure (action) for mobilization of creative activity of collective. in-chief(postnominal) factor ofhigh-quality service of the client is the environment appearance of the building, office registration, furniture, the equipment, office equipment, etc. the atmosphere of the offer of a product (the physical environment) is perceived by means of sense organs (sight, hearing, sense of smell, touch) and has impact on consumer behavior in four ways1) can serve as a data carrier wave for potential consumers2) can serve as means of drawing attention of clients3) can be the carrier of a certain effect (colors, sounds and properties of surfaces of subjects surrounding the client influence his consciousness and induce to purchase)4) can create a certain mood. 19, page 58Ensuring management efficiency with marketing requires development of its auxiliary systemsmarketing entropymarketing organizationsmarketing control.The system of marketing information provides, systematization, an asses sment and use of the data characterizing a condition of environment and the internal environment of the tourist enterprise. Without objective, actual, sooner full marketing information adoption of operational and strategic determinations is impossible. The system of the organization of marketing is directed on creation of the relevant organizational structure of the tourist enterprise providing realization of marketing actions. For continuous tracking performance of marketing strategy and programs the system of marketing control is created. In practice the technology of implementation of the concept of marketing is very elastic. It can change both the structure, and a place of separate stages depending on features of the enterprise, degree of familiarity of the market, goals, tasks and market conditions. However all these elements are closely interconnected. It is impossible any of them to exclude from system, without having broken its integrity.2. Marketing strategy in the tourism and hospitality industry.2.1 Strategic marketing at the tourist enterprises.1. Corporate marketing strategy in tourism. Hierarchy of marketing strategic decisions. The most important purposes of any company are receiving profit, ensuring continuous growth of a turn and occupation of the best competitive position in the market. In marketing is the growth of sales, increase in a share of the market, increase of obedience of consumers. Exactly at the top level company management the foundation of the correct marketing policy as each concrete marketing decision has to be considered as specification of strategic decisions of the company directed on achievement of the all-corporate purposes are laid definition of development of the main strategic zones of managing. choice of the directions of further growthformation of competitive advantages.These and other marketing decisions made by the top management of the company, define development of concrete products and the markets, all system of marketing actions, their expense and efficiency at the subsequent stages. Strategic marketing decisions represent a way of action on achievement of the marketing purposes which, in turn, follow from the purposes all-corporate. Distinguish the marketing decisions made by the enterprise at three levelsthe corporatethe functionalthe tool.Corporate marketing decisions define interaction strategy with the market and coordination of capacity of the enterprise with its requirements. Marketing decisions at corporate level define ways as it is better to use enterprise resources for satisfaction of needs of the market. It is possible to allocate three groups of strategic marketing decisions at corporate level. Portfolio strategy allow to resolve rather effectively issues of management of various handle of activity of the enterprise from the point of view of their place and a role in satisfaction of needs of the market and implementation of capital investments in each of spheres. Growth s trategy give the chance to answer questions in what direction to develop to the enterprise better to conform to market requirements? whether enough own resources for this purpose or is required to go for external acquisitions ofthe activity? Competitive strategy define how it is possible to provide to the enterprise competitive advantages in the market from the point of view of bigger involvement of potential consumers and what policy to choose in relation to competitors.2 . Marketing strategy on tourist industry development.Marketing practice considers portfolio in the form of set, as a rule, not economic divisions dependent from each other, strategic units of one company. The portfolio analysis allows to present in a matrix look results of research of activities of the enterprise for the purpose of determination of their subsequent growth and increase in profitability of strategic units which were its part. Thus increase in production is defined by development of demand and sale s that leads to decrease in expenses of resources on a unit of production. Portfolio strategy ways of distribution of limited resources between economic divisions of the enterprise with use of criteria of appeal of market segments and potential opportunities of each economic unit. Enterprise resource management on the basis of a choice of the economic directions of market activity is carried out with use of a matrix of BKG and a matrix Mac-Kinzi.3 . The marketing strategy focused on growth of the tourist company. Enterprise growth manifestation of types of its business activity which can be based on three opportunities of growth organic growth, intensive development at the expense of own resources acquisition of other enterprises or the co-ordinated development diversification leaving in other fields of activity.Strategy of growth represent business management models by a choice of types of its business activity taking into account internal and external opportunities. Control of growth is exercised with the helpAnsoffs matrixesmatrixes of external acquisitionsnew matrix of BKG.Ansoffs matrix.This matrix represents the tool for classification of production and the markets depending on degree of uncertainty of prospects of sale of production or opportunities of penetration of this production on this market. It is known that gorazno it is more difficult to sell absolutely new production, than production known, also to sell the existing range of goods to categories of the consumers close to what already got them, it is easier, than to master the new markets.Each strategic quadrant defines the directions of marketing efforts of the enterprise1 . Penetration strategy on the market stimulant of purchases by traditional buyers (product replacement, use frequency) increase in a share of the marketinvolvement of buyers from competitorsinvolvement of new consumerssearch of new opportunities of using.2 . Strategy of development of the marketexit to new consumer segmen tsentry into the new territorial marketsexit to new marketing networks.3 . Strategy of development of a productinnovationsnew brandmodification by the range4 . The marketing strategy focused on ensuring competitive advantages of travel agency. Competitiveness of goods and firm.The competition aspiration of the enterprises in the market, directed on a gain attention of potential consumers. The competitive analysis represents the analysis of a competitive situation and an assessment of degree ofcompetitive advantages, both the enterprise, and his rivals in the market. Competitive advantage those characteristics of market activity of the enterprise which create a certain superiority over competitors. Competitive strategy at corporate level pursue the aim to provide competitive advantage of the enterprise in the market concerning rival firms. For management of competitive position of the enterprise are used general competitive matrixmodel of competitive forcesmatrix of competitive ad vantagesmodel of reaction of competitors.General competitive matrix.According to Porters general competitive matrix competitive advantage of the enterprise in the market can be provided with three main ways. grocery leadership is based on policy of differentiation of goods (value for buyers is created). The main attention is paid to improvement of goods, giving of bigger consumer usefulness to them, development of branded production, design, service and guarantee maintenance, formation of attractive image. The combination of high usefulness and the high price forms the market force goods. It protects the enterprise from competitors, provides stability of position in the market. monetary value leadership is provided on the basis of possibility of the enterprise to reduce costs of production (value for the producer is created). The special attention is paid to stability of the investments, the standardized goods, exact management of expenses, control of expenses. Decrease in expense s is based on use of an experience curve. Leadership in a niche is connected with focusing of grocery or price advantage on a narrow segment of the market, without covering all market. Such leadership is most often used by small business enterprises.Dangers of this strategy are connected with the next moments essential strengthening of distinctions in expenses can reduce considerably advantages of service narrow the target groupsgap reduction in differentiated production for narrow target group and a common market is possible competitors can find unoccupied niches even in a narrow target segment.2.2 Process of a choice of strategy.Process of a choice of strategy includes the following main steps explanation of the current strategycarrying out analysis of a portfolio of businesseschoice of strategy of firm and assessment of the chosen strategy.Explanation of the current strategy is very important because it is impossible to make decisions on a future occasion, without having a clear idea concerning in what state there is an organization and what strategy it realizes. Various schemes of explanation of the current strategy can be used. One of possible approaches is offered by Thompson and Strikland. They consider that exists on five external and internal factors which need to be estimated to deal with realized strategy.External factorsscope of activity of firm and degree of a variety of made production, diversification of firm general character and nature of recent acquisitions of firm and sales of part of the property by it structure and orientation of activity of firm for the last period opportunities on which the firm was focused recentlyrelation to external threats.Internal factorsfirm purposescriteria of distribution of resources and the developed structure of capital investments on made production the relation to fiscal risk both from the management, and according to real practice and carried-out financial policy level and degree of concentration of efforts in the field of research and development strategy of certain functional spheres (marketing, production, shots, finance, scientific researches and development).The analysis of a portfolio of businesses represents one of the most important instruments of strategic management. It gives an evident idea that separate parts of business are very interconnected and that a portfolio aswhole significantly differs from the simple sum of its parts and the condition of its separate parts is much more important for firm, than. By means of the analysis of a portfolio of businesses such major factors of business, as risk, receipt of money, updating and dying off can be balanced. It is possible to tell with full confidence that the analysis of a portfolio of businesses is a basis of strategic planning.At the same time it is necessary to remember that the analysis of a portfolio of businesses is only one of instruments of strategic management, and it in any way doesnt replace strategic planning as a component of strategic management, certainly, strategic management as a whole. After the management will consider available strategic alternatives, it then addresses to concrete strategy. The simplified technique of definition of position of firm and its goods in relation to opportunities grew was developed by the Boston consultative group. In the analysis of a portfolio comparison of a share of firm or its goods in the market with growth rates of all economic activity is carried out.Each of these quadrants in the BCG model is given figurative namesStars. The new business areas occupying rather big share of roughly growing market operations on which make high profit concern to them, as a rule. It is possible to call these business areas leaders of the branches. They bring in to the organizations very high income. However the main problem is connected with definition of the correct balance between the income and investments into this area in the future to guarantee recoverability of the last.Milk cows. These are business areas which in the past received rather big share of the market. However over time growth of the relevant branch was considerably slowed down. As usual, milk cows are stars in the past which provide now to the organization sufficient profit to hold the competitive positions in the market. The stream of monetary cash in these positions is well balanced as investments into such business area require the most necessary minimum. Such business area can bring in very big incomes of the organization. Difficult children.These business areas compete ingrowing branches, but occupy rather small share of the market. This combination of circumstances results in need of increase in investments for the purpose of protection of the share of the market and guaranteeing a survival on it. High growth rates of the market demand considerable monetary cash to correspond to this growth. However these business areas with great barrier generate the organization incom e because of the small share in the market. These areas most often are pure consumers of monetary cash, instead of its generators, and remain them until their market share will change.Dogs. These are business areas with rather small share in the market in slowly developing branches. The stream of monetary cash in these areas of business usually very insignificant, and is more often even the negative. Any step of the organization in the direction to receive a big share of the market unambiguously immediately it is counterattacked by competitors dominating in this branch. Only skill of the manager can help the organization to hold such positions of business area.The positions taken by separate areas of business in strategic space, defined by the BCG model, dictate a choice of quite certain directions of actionsFor Stars To try to keep or increase a share of the business in the market.For Difficult children Or to go on increase in a share of business in the market, or to be content wi th that is reached, or to reduce this business.For Milk cows To try to keep or increase a share of the business in the market.For Dogs To be content with the of provisions, either to reduce it, or to liquidate this type of business in the organization.The choice of strategy of firm is carried out by the management on the basis of the analysis of the key factors characterizing a condition of firm, taking into account results of the analysis of a portfolio of businesses,and also character and essence of realized strategy. The major key factors which have to be considered first of all at a strategy choice, the following is. The condition of branch and firm position in branch often can play a crucial role at a choice of strategy of growth of firm. Leading, strong firms have to seek for the maximum use of the opportunities generated by their leading situation, and for strengthening of this situation. Leading firms depending on a condition of branch have to choose various strategy of grow th.So, for example, if the branch goes to decline, it is necessary to stake on diversification strategy if the branch roughly develops, the choice has to fall on strategy of the concentrated growth or strategy of the integrated growth. Weak firms have to behave in a different way. They have to choose those strategy which can lead to increase in their force. If such strategy arent present, they have to leave this branch. The purposes of firm give uniqueness and originality to a strategy choice in relation to each concrete firm. For to what the firm aspires is reflected. If, for example, the purposes dont assume the intensive growth of firm, cant be chosen believe the corresponding strategy of growth, even in spite of the fact that for this purpose there are all prerequisites both in the market and in branch, and in the potential of firm.3. Marketing strategy on an example Eurasia Tour.3.1 Summary of the enterprise.The Eurasia Tour travel company was founded on February 29, 1996. The firm cooperates with the leading Russian tourist organizations in various regions of Russia and the neighboring countries. In 1998 the firm for the first time acted in quality round of the operator in the summer program To Spain Directly from Omsk. Same year the firm is awarded by the diploma multinational the exhibition center InterSib for professional work. In 1999 own tourist programs for the Omsk region, gained recognition of Omsk, nonresident and foreign tourists adventure automobile round on the North of the Omsk region Taiga rally and an alloy on kayaks under the name Secrets of the Taiga River were for the first time offered. Eurasia Tour is an official travel agent of a traditional Siberian international marathonwhich in August, 2001 passed already for the twelfth time.In 2002 Eurasia Tour was included in the interstate agreement between Russia and China, having acquired the right for opening of visas to citizens of the Russian Federation. immediately the staff of firm m akes 15 people. Contacts with all leading hotels of the city, and also the largest boarding house of the Omsk region are come into. At office of firm sale of air tickets in all directions on flights of the Russian and foreign airlines is organized. Employees Eurasia Tour determine a target segment by the following characteristics Age 40-45letIncome level average and above an averageEducation usually the highest, but doesnt play a roleRelationship status usually a family from two-four people Work, profession most often business ownersGeographyVital style the vigorous, active person occupied with trade or administrative activity, working often on days off and holidays, watches the image, feels a lack of time on rest and the family, susceptible to the novelties, skeptical about denote. Motive of travel desire to have a rest with a family, desire to have a rest abroad, desire to receive treatment abroad desire to visit the exotic demesne (entertainments + novelty)3.2 Marketi ng strategy on an example Eurasia TourThe firm exists 14 years, and even crisis of 1998 didnt become a hindrance for its development and functioning. In denote appeals it is specified that Eurasia Tour is the member of various tourist associations that as inspires trust to firm. As here goes formations of image of a product, namely cruise across Irtysh which has no analogs in the Omsk region. Tourists can receive not only information on rounds which offer practically all tour agencies of the city (rest in Spain through with(predicate) Natali-turs,treatment in the Czech Republic through Travelland, excursion Europe tours and so on), but also information on rounds which Eurasia Tour (the Okunevsky Ark will organize, Taiga Rally, Secrets of the Taiga River, Linevos Lake, Omsk excursion and so on), being that tour-operetor.It should be noted that Eurasia Tour issues the booklets connected with their own projects, for bigger involvement of tourists to these services. All booklets are p rinted in printing house on good, qualitative paper that shows respect for clients. In addition all booklets are colorfully issued. The booklet Taiga Rally is executed in green color which associates with trees, with a taiga. Booklets Linevos Lake and Secrets of the Taiga River contain various shades of blue color which associates with water, the lake, the small river. The Okunevsky Ark is executed in brown, yellow and white tones which give to the booklet some mystery. In these advert leaflets the visual effect is provided at the expense of photos of these projects. Photos recreate the atmosphere of these rounds. They give to the potential client the main idea that expects it. For example, fishing, a crossing through the river, a river rafting, monastery visit and so on.In booklets Secret of the Taiga River, Linevos Lake, Omsk excursion, Taiga Rally is given objective information on offered services with allocation of specifics and potential opportunities which clients wait. For e xample, you will be able to make horse walk, to fish on the lake Automobile round River rafting In the Achairsky Monastery to visit the Sacred source and so on. In the booklet Okunevsky Ark the fantasy situation is created. For example, to visit the most mysterious region of Western Siberia Visit of the power center of the earth Practically all advertising leaflets contain information in two languages Russian, for the Russian-speaking population, and English, for foreign tourists. Besides advertising leaflets, the world Internet system the tourist firm Eurasia Tour places the advertising on television and in printing editions. The television has ample opportunities to make purposeful influences and to cause desirable response of spectator audience.The television provides broad coverage. So for promotion of the festive program on March 8 in sanatorium Mercury advertising on television, for the weekend, during display of interesting programs and feature films on the local channe l when the maximum number of potential clients were at the TVs was given. 3% ofestimated profit therefore the program was advertized on television and in the Mozhet Byt newspaper which has the special section devoted to tourism Wind of Wanderings were allocated for advertising of this project. The advertising appeal which was placed in the newspaper, was simple, short, drawing attention of readers. Owing to the efficiency, repeatability, broad coverage of the market of a press is one of the most effective remedies of distribution of advertising therefore Eurasia Tour most often uses press services for advertising of the services. Important factor in advertising is firm styles of the organization.The corporate style is a set color, graphic, verbal, the typographical of the design constant elements providing visual and semantic unity of goods (services), all information proceeding from firm, its internal and external registration. The tourist firm Eurasia Tour developed an own corpora te style which allows the consumer quickly and unmistakably to find a firm product, allows firm to bring with smaller expenses to the market the new products and which increases advertising efficiency. Elements of a corporate style are TrademarkFirm font memorandum (logo)Firm blockFirm slogan (slogan)Firm colorEurasia tour logo which possesses advertising functions and quality assurance function is given below.This logo is put on firm forms, envelopes, prospectuses, booklets, folders, exhibition stands and as are used at outdoor advertising and TV commercial. The Eurasia round logo has a certain people of colour or red with white, or red with blue, or red with the black. deform depends on on what color surface will be the logo is put. Color does a logo more attractive, better memorable. Near a logo it isnt seldom possible to meet and the firm slogan Eurasia tour adequate to(p) UP THE WORLD WITH USThe firm slogan is always written in the Russian and English languages that gives the chance to use services of firm not only to Russian-speakingtourists, but also tourists from different corners of the world. So, from the aforesaid it is visible that the tourist firm Eurasia tour actively advances the services by means of different types of marketing strategy. However we considered only separate types of advertising. But, it should be noted that Eurasia tour uses also other types of advertising, such as audiovisual advertising, handbills, outdoor advertising, post advertising and so on.Conclusion.So, marketing strategy provide not only effective satisfaction of requirements of the market, but also success of the enterprise in competitive fight. Having arisen in the production sphere, marketing rather long time didnt find the corresponding application in the tourism sphere. However increase of the competition, commercialization of tourist activity resulted in need of the fastest introduction of basic elements of marketing in practice of work of the tourist enterp rise. At the same time tourism has the certain features connected with nature of rendered services, forms of sales and so on. Really to use marketing as the reliable instrument of achievement of success in the market, specialists of the tourist enterprises need to seize its methodology and ability to apply it depending on a concrete situation.

Report on NatWest Bank’s Creativity and Innovation Essay

NatWest Bank is a member of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group (RBS Group). In 1968 case Provincial Bank (est.1833) and Westminster Bank (est.1836), fused as National Westminster Bank. Jointly, these banks could unwrapline their history back down the centuries through a ancestry of potent constituents, since the 1650s. The declaration totally astonished the public, provided to both banks the benefits were obvious the merger enhanced equilibrium sheet strength, created opportunities to streamline the branch networks and enabled greater investment in impudently technology. The statutory process of integration was completed in 1969 and National Westminster Bank commenced transaction on 1 January 1970, with the three-arrowheads symbol as its Logo of the f tempornity with 3,600 branches, established a wide range of new services, including the banks first credit gameboard, Access, in 1972, and computer-linked hard currency dispensers, Servicetills, in 1976. Deregulation in the 19 80s, culminating in Big Bang in 1986, also encouraged National Westminster Bank to enter the securities business.County Bank, the Groups merchant bank, acquired stockbroking and jobbing firms to create NatWest Investment Bank. In the call up clock time, the International Banking Division appeargond to offer international banking services to large companies and to focus on expansion in the USA, the Far East and Europe. In the 1980s new services were developed much(prenominal) as telephone banking and touch- screen sh be dealing to assist the governments privatisation programme. The 1980s also saw the National Westminster Home Loans established in 1980 and the Small Business Unit in 1982. The Switch debit card extended the electronic transfer of silver to read of sale in 1988. In the 1990s financial services markets being-wide underwent huge variations and in response the bank refocused its activities, exiting from a number of markets and adopting the title of NatWest. In actio n 2000, The Royal Bank of Scotland Group completed the acquisition of NatWest in a 21 billion deal that was the largest present-over in British banking history. NatWest ranks fifth in the world and is now part of a financial services group which is the second largest bank by market chapiterisation in the UK and in Europe. (NatWest 2006)Read more(prenominal) Essay About National Westminster BankCreativity and Innovation of the BankWith granting a muscular competitive encourage to plan, creative thinking and efficiency, it always attains lead on rival firms. Innovation is a driver of productivity egression. Novel products, processes and methods of working throne relent efficiency gains and quality improvements not only within the innovating firm, but also within an different(prenominal) firms that recap or institute on the innovation within their own firms. in that location are a number of reasons why the appraise of innovation is likely to fall below socially optimal levels, and smaller innovating firms whitethorn face particularly severe barriers to innovation. The key constraints are curb access to fortune capital The in markational impediments to free- functioning markets for SME finance were discussed earlier in this chapter, but it is particularly difficult for potential lenders or investors to assess likely risk and returns accruing to future(a) research or to the implementation of unproven innovations. Newly-established innovating firms often make a loss and face severe cash-flow constraints in their early years. Difficulties appropriating the full benefits of innovation Whilst a competitive environment will provide the best general incentive for firms to innovate, firms need to be confident that they can reap the rewards of their innovation.This is why the bright property regime allows firms to prevent, for a limited period, their competitors from copying their innovations. This is a necessary reward for the costs of R&D, and helps to enco urage innovation. Nevertheless, the internal return to innovation whitethorn still be modest relative to the industry-wide benefits that arise once the innovation can be replicated by other firms. Inability to diversify risk man larger companies may have a large portfolio of innovative activity, innovation in smaller firms may be concentrated on a ace product or process, and the cost of undertaking the necessary R&D may be very large relative to the overall financial assets of the company. Accordingly, where SMEs are risk-averse, they will be discouraged from investing in innovative activities with uncertain returns. Assembling the enterprise confront will rely on the innovation and creativity of entrepreneurs themselves, but the Government must also provide the right instructs and the necessary support for successful enterprise. (Cosh and Hughes 2000) The NatWest Group has a total of 6 UK banking licences and licences from several other authorities. There are two principal cost s linked with getting to the position where a bank is in a position to obtain and take its banking licence 1) Implementing a reporting system that satisfies the requirements of the regulators.In addition to standard financial reports these would include implementing the systems to monitor and report capital adequacy, liquidity, credit risk, and pursuit rate risk etc. 2) Ensuring that there is the necessary infrastructure in place to satisfy individual regulatory requirements on operational areas such as bullion laundering, advertising and sales of financial products. There are also noteworthy sunk costs in coping with the provision of creativity infrastructure. To replace the alert branch and service centre network and administrative buildings is a major project in its own right and in addition to the costs of such physical assets, which are on the balance sheet it would be necessary to handle the stipulation of such facilities. Costs would also be involved in the provision of s uch items as HR policies, for example the sunk costs associated with setting up employee benefit programmes, such as pension plans, stock options, bounty schemes, car schemes, health care etc. The same tactic has been adopted and this turns up at an total expenditure of 255 m. This is probably a conservative estimate. over the period 1996 to 2000 NatWest incurred expenses of around 13 bn in respect of its Retail Transformation programme, which was only a modification of part of its existing infrastructure rather than creation of a totally innovative one. (RBSG, 2002)NatWest depends entirely upon the qualities of innovation, and suffer more acutely from the rapidity of transform. Whether in presentation, writing, the visual arts or advertising, the progress of new product is at the heart of all doings. Without this self- generated action, there is not anything to put up for sale. The sector therefore has a specific and challenging manufacturing process or value set up which, at to each one stage, demands different talents. At the raw development end of production (ideas generation, creating, training) there is a need for concepts, leading edge ideas and formulations, creativity, innovation and enterprisingness customer orientation. Problem solving is par make out. At the moment of production (turning ideas into products, locations for production) this first set of aptitudes is still meaning(a) but must be supplemented by _Intelligence, disposition of the market, industry foresight and strategic view _Effective management of resources _Ability to develop and manage relationships with partners, explore new connections and collaborations with suppliers. The merger of the Royal Bank of Scotland (BoS) and Halifax to form HBOS resulted from increasing competitive pressures in the financial sector. Since about(predicate) 1980, with the decline of heavy industries and growth of a service economy, like other clearing banks, BoS was have to expand further int o small business lending and new retail products (e.g. residential owes, financial services, credit cards, etc.).Competition was exaggerated by banking deregulation, which led to the growth of a secondary banking sector, the transformation of many building societies (including Halifax) into banks, and new amalgamations into ever-larger banks (as cited in Leyshon and Thrift 1993). During this period there was increasing concern in the Scottish banking community about the potential for takeovers to erode a distinctive Scottish banking sector (as cited in Saville 1996 717-40), which had been partly maintained by an historical gentlemans accord between the English and Scottish banks to limit their presences in each others markets. In September 1999, BoS surprised The City of London by making a 20.85 billion drama to take over NatWest Bank, in effect striking first in an environment where further bank mergers seemed inevitable. more in the financial press were quick to point out that under these new damage, BoS and other Scottish banks could not expect to have their future independence protected. In late November the Royal Bank of Scotland, BoSs main competitor in Scotland, made a successful counter bid of 25.1 billion. The City now anticipated a takeover of BoS, compelling BoS to keep pace with the Royal Bank. BoS and Halifax began merger negotiations in April 2001, and the new banking group, HBOS, began trading on the stock market on 10 September, 2001.The Halifax was the dominant partner in the merger, being about twice the size of BoS in terms of number of employees and market value at the time of merger, and supplying key organizational leadership, including the CEO. The core rationale of the merger was that it brought together Halifaxs substantial owe lending income and BoSs expertise and placement in the corporate banking world to create new business opportunities for the merged organisation. It also saw the to-do of BoSs rather conventional, cautious and habitual banking ethos by the more modern, competitive and market driven ethos of the Halifax organisation. Thus the merger was experienced by rung as an encounter between two different corporate cultures, and two different national cultures, at the same time. By the ideology of change it specifies an ideologic aim that corresponds closely with Therborns conception of modernity. With this phrase I want to direct attention not so much to a set of ideas and beliefs about change, but more to a disposition, or attitude toward change. I mean to suggest a normatively charged attitude in which established ways of doing things are devalued and innovation and change is positively valued in principle, regardless of the particulars of any given situation. It is, in a sense, a presumption of guilt in regard to the old, and presumption of innocence in regard to the new.This attitude is deeply naturalised, so that the imperative and positive value of change is widely regarded as self-eviden t, and not easily questioned. Thus rather than the great social critiques and political programmes associated with the formation of modernity, I mean to invoke a routinized and normalized aspect of established modernityseen in the way political parties and governments promote themselves through promises of reform, in the way corporations and public institutions are constantly restructuring in order to modernize and keep pace with their competitors, and in the way consumer-citizens in capitalist society come to expect scientific and technological advances that will increase knowledge and improve commodities and services, while fashions in public culture rapidly replaces one some other. The ideology of change is mundane, relentless common sense. Some problems of innovation and creativity lay with the organization and its leadership, rather than individualnel, the exhortation to address change was ultimately being translated into a message of personal moral reform. In this way the ideology of change, while meeting resistance, percolated down to beleaguered selves seeking virtually greater purchase on their state of affiars. (Hearn 2006)HRM Strategic Milestones in NatWest During 199091 County NatWest, an investment bank, asked all its business units, including its personnel department, to set up strategic milestones for a five-year period. Their performance was to be measured against those milestones at specified target dates. The requirement to produce strategic milestones as an input to the banks five-year marked an important watershed in defining the contribution of personnel to the business at a strategic level. It forced the department to reflect on the nature of that contribution. major(postnominal) management of the bank duly authorised 18 separate strategic milestones. The milestones were consistent one with the other, and overall addressed issues that consultation within business units and crosswise the three personnel teams had shown to be critical to business success. Each milestone was assigned to a designated individual and was incorporated into his or her own targets of performance. Quarterly reviews on progress, involving the whole department, were subsequently held to ensure that the milestones were on target.The operational tasks that a centralised T&D planning process involves seek to ensure that T&D considerations are taken fully into account when business strategy is formulated. They form part of a human resource plan within the wider business plan. At business unit/divisional level there are policies to ensure people are trained and developed in line with the needs of the business. At the individual level T&D is an integrated part of daily routine and procedures, helping people to achieve performance standards and behavioral objectives and building up the kind of workforce needed in terms of productivity, quality and flexibility. T&D staff operates a collaborative approach to planning at all stage in order to ensu re a high level of buy-in from line management and other stakeholders. (Harrison 2001)ConclusionNatWest Bank had recently a notable triumph over the competitors on November 15 2006 in the 12th Annual Convention- CCA Excellence Awards categorized for Best Customer Focus Financial Services (details usable on http//www.ccai.org.uk/events). The Bank is the second giant bank in the entire Europe (after Deutsche Bank) and incredibly progressed in a very short span of time (as discussed in the historical background). NatWests creativity and innovation line of attack led the bank to the stature of success. Chinua Achebe (1930 ), Nigerian novelist, poet, and essayist rightly says Contradictions if well soundless and managed can spark off the fires of invention. Orthodoxy whether of the right or of the left is the graveyard of creativity. (Anthills of the Savannah)ReferencesNatWest A History, (2006), NatWest Bank, available on accessed April 29 2007. Cosh and Hughes, (2000), Tackling Mar ket Failures, British Bankers Association. Jonathan Hearn, (2006), National Identity, Organisational Culture, and the Ideology of Change in Scotland, BSA Annual Conference, Scottish Study Group. Rosemary Harrison, (2005), Producing and Implementing L&D Strategy, CIPD Publications. Appendix A NatWest Glossary AER Annual analogous Rate. This shows what the beguileingness rate would be if involvement were give and added to your account each year. APR Annual Percentage Rate. The interest payable on what youve soak uped is added up along with other charges (e.g. arrangement fees) and then expressed as an annual rate of charge. The APR helps you compare the true cost of borrowing, for example for a mortgage. The APR takes into account all fees and charges applied to the mortgage as well as the monthly payments over the life of the loan. arrangement fee a fee to cover administration. arrears money that was due to be paid but has not been paid.When you are behind in payments, you are in arrears. assets your money, property, goods and so on that have a financial value. assurance a constitution that you pay for, and that pays money to your next of kin when you die. bankers draft a cheque drawn on the bank (or building society) itself against either a cash deposit or money taken directly from your own bank account. A bankers draft is a secure way of receiving money from person you dont know and where a cash is inconvenient. Bankers drafts are commonly used for large purchases such as homes and cars. base rate the interest rate from which lenders set their rates for lending and savings products. Its usually based on the base rate set by the Bank of England. capital money that youve invested or borrowed (e.g. to buy a home). It doesnt include the income or profit you get from an investment, or the interest you have to pay on a loan or mortgage. CHAPS Clearing House Automated Payment System.This is a system that enables money to be transferred from one ban k account to another on the same day. chip and PIN a system to reduce card fraud. A chip and PIN card has a smart chip that holds your four-digit face-to-face Identification Number (PIN). When you pay in a shop with a chip and PIN card, youll be asked to enter your PIN into a keypad rather of signing a receipt. This PIN is the same number that you use to withdraw money at a cash machine. well-defined balance/cleared notes includes credits (cheques and cash) that have completed the clearing cycle. You can only withdraw or transfer money to another account with money from your cleared balance. The cleared balance is updated during the day as you make payments into and out of your account. clearing cycle the process that your cheque goes through when you pay it into your account. A cheque wont be cleared if, for example, the person who gave it to you doesnt have enough money in their account. credit card allows you to borrow money to pay for goods and services without utilize cash or cheques. credit balance the do of money in your account. credit limit the maximum fall of money that you may borrow. debit card allows you to pay for goods and services without writing cheques or using cash.The money is taken directly from your current account (you dont borrow the money as with a credit card). Some debit cards can also be used to guarantee cheques. debt an amount of money that you owe to a person or company. Direct Debit an instruction from you to your bank or building society allowing someone to take money from your account. The amount of money taken can vary, but you must be told the amounts and dates in fronthand. Direct Debits allow you to pay bills automatically from your account on a regular basis. discounted rate a variable rate that is set at a fixed percentage amount below the lenders standard variable rate for a period of time. At the end of the period, the mortgage goes back to the lenders variable rate. EAR Effective Annual Rate. This i s the amount of interest charged on an overdraft and is stated as an annual rate. Unlike the APR, the figure does not include any fees or charges. Equity (in property) the difference between how much your property is worth the balance of your with child(p) mortgage and any other debts secured on the property.Equity release a way of releasing extra money by borrowing against the equity in your home. ERTF Exchange Rate Transaction Fee. This is a fee that you pay when withdrawing foreign currency from a cash machine or when paying for something in another currency (e.g. when youre on holiday abroad). The foreign currency is converted into pounds sterling (using the banks exchange rate) and a fee for doing this is added. fixed-rate interest an interest rate that stays the same throughout an agreed period. flexible mortgage a mortgage that allows you to make overpayments and underpayments on the mortgage without penalty, and, in some cases, to take payment holidays. gross the whol e amount before any deductions (such as tax or fees) are made. gross interest rate interest before income tax is deducted. Insurance policy a policy that you pay for, and that pays money to you to cover possibilities such as theft, damage to property, loss and so on. interest the amount that you pay when you borrow money. Its expressed as a percentage rate over a period of time. interest-free no interest is charged on money that you borrow. interest-only mortgages a loan on which you only pay the interest element.The amount of capital you owe remains the same throughout the term of the mortgage and is due to be repaid at the end of the term. interest rate the rate at which you pay back interest, expressed as a percentage of the amount you borrow. investment something you put money into that will provide income in the future (such as savings) or gain in value so that you can get by it at a higher price later (such as a house). loan money that you borrow (e.g. to buy a new ca r) on condition that you pay it back. lifetime mortgage a type of equity release product for the over 60s, which allows you to release money by borrowing against the value of your home. There are no monthly repayments, instead the interest is added to the loan and the whole amount is repaid when you die or move into long-term care, usually from the sale of the house.This means more interest will build up than with a conventional mortgage. mortgage a loan to help you buy property on condition that the company giving you the loan has certain rights, including the right to sell the property if you dont pay back the loan. net the amount after deductions (such as tax or fees) are made. net interest rate the rate payable after the lower rate of income tax is deducted. (NB the rate of tax may vary, so a net rate is usually only given as an example.) nominal annual rate the rate of interest that would apply if the interest were not added each year and if there were no inflation. overd raft borrowings from your current account. overpayment higher or extra mortgage payments that you make (usually to pay off your loan or mortgage early). p.a. per annum, which means each year. payment holiday a period of one or more months when you dont make repayments on your loan or mortgage, although interest continues to accrue during that time.PIN Personal Identification Number. This is the four-digit number that you enter into a cash machine when you want to take out cash, and that you use when you pay with your chip and PIN card. Never give this number to anyone, or write it down. rate the percentage interest rate charged by a lender. remortgage replacing a mortgage with a new one (from your existing or a different lender), without moving home. You use the money you borrow for the new mortgage to repay the old one. repayment method the means by which a mortgage is repaid. The two main repayment methods are interest only and repayment. repayment mortgage a loan where y ou pay back some of the capital as well as interest each month.The amount you owe is gradually reduced. return the profit you get, for example, when you invest money. share a unit of ownership in a company. share certificate shows the amount of ownership. share dealing the process of buying and selling shares. standing order a method of making regular payments directly from your bank account. Its a fixed sum and you tell your bank when to start and stop paying it. stock another term for share. transaction each time you pay money into or take money out of your account, its called a transaction. unarranged borrowing an overdraft that is higher than your bank or building society has agreed to. uncleared balance the amount of money in your account including all the uncleared items in your account and any items paid in during the day. underpayment a loan or mortgage payment that is less than the amount that you should normally pay for that month. variable-rate interest the int erest rate that you pay on your loan or mortgage and that rises and falls roughly in line with a stated index, such as the base rate set by the Bank of England. (NatWest , 2006, available on http//www.natwest.co.uk/glossary.htm/)